Derin Öğrenme ile Kalabalık Analizi Üzerine Detaylı Bir Araştırma
Yapay sinir ağları ve makine öğrenmesi, uzun yıllardır birçok problemin çözümünde kullanılmıştır. Problemlerin ve modellerin karmaşıklaşması ve veri sayısındaki artış hesaplama yükünü de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada yapay sinir ağlarından derin öğrenmeye tüm geçiş süreci, modeller ve pratik uygulamalar kısa ve öz gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca donanım, yazılım ve kullanılan kütüphaneler hakkında da bilgiler verilmiştir. Özel olarak kalabalık analizi için kullanılan geleneksel yöntemler özetlenmiştir. Kalabalık analizi için literatürdeki derin öğrenme yaklaşımları detaylıca anlatılmış ve veri kümeleri tanıtılmıştır. Ayrıca son yıllarda yapılmış çalışmalar analiz edilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kalabalık analizi, derin öğrenme yardımıyla başarılı sonuçlar alınan hem akademik hem de pratik bir çalışma alanıdır.
A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning in Crowd Analysis
Artificial neural networks and machine learning have been used to solve many problems for decades. The complexity of the problems and models and the increase in the number of data also brought with it the computation burden. In this study, the whole transition process from artificial neural networks to deep learning, models and applications are briefly demonstrated. Additionally information about hardware, software, and used libraries is also provided. In particular, canonical methods for crowd analysis have been summarized. Deep learning approaches in the literature are pointed out in depth for crowd analysis and datasets are overviewed. Furthermore, studies done in recent years have been analyzed and compared. Consequently, crowd analysis is both an academic and a practical field of study where successful results evaluation. As a result, crowd analysis is both an academic and a practical field where fruitful results are achieved with the help of deep learning.
___
- [1] V. D. Sindagi, V. M. Patel, “A Survey of Recent
Advances in CNN-Based Single Image Crowd
Counting and Density Estimation”, Pattern
Recognition Letters, 107, 3-16, 2018.
- [2] F. Rosenblatt, The Perceptron a Perceiving and
Recognizing Automaton, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 1957.
- [3] A. G. Ivakhnenko, V. G. Lapa, Cybernetic
Predicting Devices, Purdue University School of
Electrical Engineering, 1965.
- [4] K. Fukushima, “Neocognitron: A Self-organizing
Neural Network Model for a Mechanism of Pattern
Recognition Unaffected by Shift in Position”,
Biological Cybernetics by Springer-Verlag, 36,
193-202, 1980.
- [5] G.
E.
Hinton,
“Learning
Distributed
Representations of Concepts”, Proceedings of the
Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive
Science Society, Amherst, Mass, Parallel
Distributed
Processing:
Implications
for
Psychology and Neurobiology, Editör: R. G. M.
Morris, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 46-
61, 1986.
- [6] D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, R. J. Williams,
“Learning Representations by Back-Propagating
Errors”, Nature, 323, 533-536, 1986.
- [7] M. Newborn, “Deep Blue's Contribution to AI”,
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence,
28(1–4), 27-30, 2000.
- [8] D. Ferrucci, A. Levas, S. Bagchi, D. Gondek, E.
Mueller, “Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!”, Artificial
Intelligence, 199-200, 93-105, 2013.
- [9] Y. LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio ve P. Haffner,
“Gradient Based Learning Applied to Document
Recognition”, Proceeding of the IEEE, 86(11),
2278-2324, 1998.
- [10] Internet: W. Knight, AI Winter Isn’t Coming,
Intelligent Machines, MIT Technology Review,
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603062/ai-
winter-isnt-coming/, 07.11. 2016.
- [11] A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G. E. Hinton,
“ImageNet
Classification
with
Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks”, Advances in
Neural Information Processing Systems25
(NIPS’12), 2012.
- [12] C. Szegedy, W. Liu, Y. Jia, P. Sermanet, S. Reed, D. Anguelov, D. Erhan, V. Vanhoucke, A.
Rabinovich, “Going Deeper with Convolutions”,
In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition (CVPR’15), 1-9, 2015.
- I. Goodfellow, J. Pouget-Abadie, M. Mirza, B. Xu,
D. Warde-Farley, S. Ozair, A. Courville, Y.
Bengio, “Generative Adversarial Nets”, Advances
in Neural Information Processing Systems,
2672-2680, 2014.
- Internet: F. Ferreira, How Tay “Machine Learned”
Her Way to Become a Twitter Troll, Harvard
University, Graduate School of Arts and Science,
SITN, Science in the News, 12 Nisan 2016,
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2016/how-tay-
machine-learned-her-way-to-become-a-twitter-
troll/, 20.01.2018.
- Internet: D. Silver, A. Huang, C. J. Maddison, A.
Guez, L. Sifre, G. Driessche, J. Schrittwieser, I.
Antonoglou, V. Panneershelvam, M. Lanctot, S.
Dieleman, D. Grewe, J. Nham, N. Kalchbrenner, I.
Sutskever, T. Lillicrap, M. Leach, K.
Kavukcuoglu, T. Graepel, D. Hassabis, Mastering
the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree
search, doi:10.1038/nature16961, Nature | Vol 529
|
28
Ocak
2016
https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-
media/alphago/AlphaGoNaturePaper.pdf,
21.11.2017.
- S. Sabour, N. Frosst, G. E. Hinton, “Dynamic
Routing Between Capsules”, 31st Conference on
Neural Information Processing Systems
(NIPS’17), Long Beach, CA, USA, 2017.
- E. Alpaydın, Yapay Öğrenme Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, Türkiye, 2011.
- Internet: A. Karpathy, Stanford University,
Stanford CS class CS231n: Convolutional Neural
Networks for Visual Recognition, Course Notes,
20.03.2018.
- B. Widrow ve M. E. Hoff, “Associative Storage
and Retrieval of Digital Information in Networks
of Adaptive ‘Neurons’”, Biological Prototypes and
Synthetic Systems, 1, 160, 1962.
- C. Cortes, V. Vapnik, “Support-Vector Networks”,
Journal of Machine Learning, 20(3), 273-297,
1995.
- R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, Digital Image
Processing, Pearson Publication, 1977.
- Internet: M. Nielsen, Y. Bengio, I. Goodfellow, A.
Courville,
Deep
Learning
Book,
http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/, 2016,
10.2017.
- M. D. Zeiler, R. Fergus, “Visualizing and
Understanding
Convolutional
Networks”,
European Conference on Computer Vision
(ECCV’14), 818-833, 2013.
- K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, J. Sun, “Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’15), 770-778, 2015.
- M. Lin, Q. Chen, S. Yan, “Network in Network”,
arXiv:1312.4400, 2014.
- C. Szegedy, S. Ioffe, V. Vanhoucke, A. Alemi,
“Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the Impact of
Residual Connections on Learning”, Proceedings
of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-17), 4278-4284,
2016.
- C. Szegedy, V. Vanhoucke, S. Ioffe, J. Shlens, Z.
Wojna, “Rethinking the Inception Architecture for
Computer Vision”, In IEEE Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
(CVPR’16), 2818-2826, 2016.
- R. Girshick, J. Donahue, T. Darrell, J. Malik, “Rich
Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection
And Semantic Segmentation”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’14), 580-587, 2014.
- Internet: A. Ng, Y. B. Mourri, K. Katanforoosh,
Deep Learning Specialization, Convolutional
Neural
Networks,
Coursera,
https://www.coursera.org/learn/convolutional-
neural-networks, 02.01.2017.
- S. Hochreiter, J. Schmidhuber, “Long Short-Term
Memory”, Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735-1780,
1997.
- Internet: A. Karpathy, The Unreasonable
Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks,
http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-
effectiveness/, 21 Mayıs 2015, 09.01.2018.
- Internet: Kaggle Survey, The State of Data Science
&
Machine
Learning,
https://www.kaggle.com/surveys/2017,
20.09.2017.
- A. Şeker, B. Diri, H. H. Balık, “Derin Öğrenme
Yöntemleri ve Uygulamaları Hakkında Bir
İnceleme”, Gazi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi,
3(3), 47-64, 2017.
- Y. Poyraz, S. Sevgen, “GPU Programlama Tekniği
ile Yüksek Performanslı Araç Takibi”, Bilişim
Teknolojileri Dergisi, 10(3), 255-261, 2017.
- Internet: M. Abadi, A. Agarwal, P. Barham, E.
Brevdo, Z. Chen, C. Citro, G. S. Corrado, A.
Davis, J. Dean, M. Devin, S. Ghemawat, I.
Goodfellow, A. Harp, G. Irving, M. Isard, Y. Jia,
R. Jozefowicz, L. Kaiser, M. Kudlur, J. Levenberg,
D. Mane, R. Monga, S. Moore, D. Murray, C.
Olah, M. Schuster, J. Shlens, B. Steiner, I.
Sutskever, K. Talwar, P. Tucker, V. Vanhoucke,
V. Vasudevan, F. Viegas, O. Vinyals, P. Warden,
M. Wattenberg, M. Wicke, Y. Yu, X. Zheng,
TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on
Heterogeneous
Distributed
Systems,
https://www.tensorflow.org/, 01.05.2017.
- Y. Jia, E. Shelhamer, J. Donahue, S. Karayev, J.
Long, R. Girshick, S. Guadarrama, T. Darrell,
“Caffe: Convolutional Architecture for Fast
Feature Embedding”, Proceeding MM '14
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international
conference on Multimedia, 675-678, 2014.
- Internet: R. Collobert, C. Farabet, K.
Kavukcuoğlu, Torch | Scientific computing for
LuaJIT, NIPS Workshop on Machine Learning
Open
Source
Software,
http://torch.ch/,
01.05.2017.
- Internet:
F.
Chollet, Keras, https://keras.io/,10.10.2017.
- T. Chen, M. Li, Y. Li, M. Lin, N. Wang, M. Wang,
T. Xiao, B. Xu, C. Zhang, Z. Zhang, “MXNet: A
Flexible and Efficient Machine Learning Library
for
Heterogeneous
Distributed
Systems”,
Workshop on Machine Learning Systems In
Neural Information Processing Systems, 2016.
- F. Seide, A. Agarwal, “CNTK: Microsoft's Open-
Source Deep-Learning Toolkit”, Proceeding
KDD'16 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM
SIGKDD
International
Conference
on
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2135-
2135, 2016.
- Internet: Skymind, Deeplearning4j: Open-source,
Distributed Deep Learning for the JVM,
https://deeplearning4j.org/, 10.10.2017.
- Internet: D. Yuret, Welcome to Knet.jl’s
documentation!,
http://denizyuret.github.io/Knet.jl/latest/,
10.08.2016
- Theano Development Team, “Theano: A {Python}
framework for fast computation of mathematical
expressions,” ArXiv e-prints, abs/1605.02688,
2016.
- J. C. S. Jacques Junior, S. R. Musse, C. R. Jung,
“Crowd Analysis using Computer Vision
Tecniques,” In IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,
27, 66-77, 2010.
- M. A. Kızrak, B. Bolat, “A Novel Approach for
People Counting and Tracking from Crowd
Video,” In IEEE International Conference on
Innovations in Intelligent SysTems and
Applications (INISTA), 2017.
- A. K. Abdulrahman, S. Öztürk, “Çoklu Görüntü
Damgalama
Yönteminde
Farklı
Frekans
Bölgelerinin
Değerlendirilmesi”,
Bilişim
Teknolojileri Dergisi, 11(1), 75-88, 2018.
- J. Hwang, C. Chu, H. Pai, K. Lan, “Tracking
Human Under Occlusion Based On Adaptive
Multiple Kernels With Projected Gradients”, In
IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, 15(7), 1602-
1615, 2013.
- B. Zhan, D. N. Monekosso, P. Remagnino, S. A.
Velastin, L. Q. Xu, “Crowd Analysis: A Survey”, Machine Vision Application, 19(2), 345-357, 2008.
- T. Li, H. Chang, M. Wang, B. Ni, R. Hong, S. Yan,
“Crowded Scene Analysis: A Survey”, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology, 25(3), 367-386, 2015.
- S. Ali, M. Shah, “Floor Fields for Tracking in High
Density Crowd Scenes”, 10th European
Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, 5303, 1-14, 2008.
- Y. Mao, J. Tong, W. Xiang, “Estimation of Crowd
Density using Multi-Local Features and
Regression”, Proceedings of the 8th World
Congress on Intelligent Control and
Automotion, 6295-6300, 2010.
- W. Ma, L. Huang, C. Liu, "Crowd Density
Analysis using Co-Occurrence Texture Features",
In 5th International Conference on Computer
Sciences and Convergence Information
Technology (ICCIT’10), 170-175, 2010.
- J. Guo, X. Wu, T. Cao, S. Yu, Y. Xu, “Crowd
Density Estimation via Markov Random Field
(MRF)”, Proceedings of 8th World Congress on
Intelligent Control and Automation, 258-263,
2010.
- W. Li, X. Wu, K. Matsumoto, H. Zhao, “A New
Approach of Crowd Density Estimation”, IEEE
Region 10 Conference TENCON, 200-203,
2010.
- W. Li, X. Wu, K. Matsumoto, H. Zhao, “Crowd
Density Estimation: An Improved Approach”,
IEEE 10th International Conference on Signal
Processing (ICSP’10), 1213-1216, 2010.
- W. Ge, R. T. Collins, “Crowd Density Analysis
with Marked Point Processes,” In IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, 27, 107-123, 2010.
- G. Kim, K. Eom, M. Kim, J. Jung, “Automated
Measurement of Crowd Density Based on Edge
Detection and Optical Flow”, In IEEE 2nd
International Conference on Industrial
Mechatronics and Automation, Volume 2, 553-
556, 2010.
- W. Hsu, K. Lin, C. Tsai, “Crowd Density
Estimation Based on Frequency Analysis,” 7th
International Conference on Intelligent
Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal
Processing, 348-351, 2011.
- G. Xiong, X. Wu, J. Cheng, Y. Chen, Y. Ou, Y.
Liu, “Crowd Density Estimation Based on Image
Potential Energy Model”, Proceedings of the
IEEE International Conference on Robotics
and Biometrics (ROBIO), 538-543, 2011.
- H. Yu, Z. He, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, “A Crowd Flow
Estimation Method Based on Dynamic Texture
and GRNN”, 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial
Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 79-84,
2012.
- H. Yang, H. Zhao, “A Novel Method for Crowd
Density Estimations”, IET International
Conference on Information Science and
Control Engineering (ICISCE), 1-4, 2012.
- V. B. Subburaman, A. Descamps, C. Carincotte,
“Counting People in the Crowd using a Generic
Head Detector”, IEEE 9th International
Conference on Advenced Video and Signal-
Based Surveillance, 470-475, 2012.
- A. Chan, N. Vasconcelos, “Counting People with
Low-Level Features and Bayesion Regression”,
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 21(4),
2160-2177, 2012.
- A. B. Chan, N. Vasconcelos, “Modeling,
Clustering and Segmenting Video with Mixtures of
Dynamic Textures”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 30(5), 909–
926, 2008.
- A. B. Chan, Z. J. Liang, N. Vasconcelos, “Privacy
Preserving Crowd Monitoring: Counting People
without People Models or Tracking”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’08), 1–7, 2008.
- Z. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Qian, T. Xu, “Crowd Density
Estimation Based on Local Binary Pattern Co-
Occurence Matrix”,
IEEE International
Conference on Multimedia and Expo
Workshops (ICMEW), 372-377, 2012.
- H. Fradi, J. Dugelay, “People Counting System in
Crowded Scenes Based on Feature Regression”,
Proceedings of the 20th European Signal
Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 136-140,
2012.
- H. Fradi, J. Dugelay, “Crowd Density Map
Estimation Based on Features Tracks”, In IEEE
15th International Workshop on Multimedia
Signal Processing, 40-45, 2013.
- F. Tehranipour, R. Shishegar, S. Tehrenipour, S.
Seterehdan, “Attention Control Using Fuzzy
Inference System in Monitoring CCTV Based on
Crowd Density Estimation”, IEEE 8th Iranian
Conference on Machine Vision and Image
Processing (MVIP), 204-209, 2013.
- H. Fradi, X. Zhao, J. Dugelay, “Crowd Density
Analysis using Subspace Learning on Local Binary
Pattern,” In IEEE International Conference on
Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), 1-
6, 2013.
- A. S. Rao, J. Gubbi, S. Marusic, P. Stanley, M.
Palaniswami, “Crowd Density Estimation Based
on Optical Flow and Hierarchical Clustering,”
IEEE International Conference on Advances in
Computing, Communications and Informatics
(ICACCI), 494-499, 2013.
- Y. Yuan, J. Zhao, C. Qui, “Estimating Crowd
Density in an RF-Based Dynamic Environment”,
IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(10), 3837-3845, 2013.
- P. Karpagavalli, A. V. Ramprasad, “Estimating the
Density of the People and Counting the Number of
People in a Crowd Environment for Human
Safety”, In IEEE International Conference on
Communication and Signal Processing, 663-
667, 2013.
- Z. Wu, H. Zheng, J. Wang, “Pedestrian Counting
Based on Crowd Density Estimation and Lucas-
Kanade Optical Flow”, IEEE 7th International
Conference on Image and Graphics (ICIG),
471-476, 2013.
- K. Ping, P. Bo, Z. Wenying, L. Shuai, “Research
on Central Issues of Crowd Density Estimation”,
10th International Computer Conference on
Wavelet Active Media Technology and
Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP), 143-
145, 2013.
- Y. Yuan, “Crowd Monitoring using Mobile
Phones”, IEEE 6th International Conference on
Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and
Cybernetics (IHMSC), Volume 1, 261-264,
2014.
- M. Khansari, H. R. Rabiee, M. Asadi, M.
Ghanbari, “Object Tracking in Crowded Video
Scenes Based on the Undecimated Wavelet
Features and Texture Analysis”, EURASIP Journal
on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008(1), 1-18,
2008.
- M. Rodriguez, I. Laptev, J. Sivic, J. Audibert,
“Density-Aware Person Detection and Tracking in
Crowds”, IEEE Internatinal Conference on
Computer Vision, 2423-2430, 2011.
- M. Rodriguez, J. Sivic, I. Laptev, J. Audibert,
“Data-Driven Crowd Analysis in Videos”, In
IEEE International Conference on Computer
Vision, 1235-1242, 2011.
- D. Conte, P. Foggia, G. Percannella, F. Tufano, M.
Vento, “A Method for Counting Moving People in
Video Surveillance Videos”, EURASIP Journal on
Advances in Signal Processing, 2010, 1-10, 2010.
- G. Antonini, J-P. Thiran, “Counting Pedestrians in
Video Sequences Using Trajectory Clustering”,
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for
Video Technology, 16(8), 1008–1020, 2006.
- E. L. Andrade, S. Blunsden, R. B. Fisher,
“Modelling Crowd Scenes for Event Detection”,
In Pattern Recognition (ICPR’06) 18th
International Conference on, Volume 1, 175–
178, 2006.
- X. Wang, X. Ma, W. E. L. Grimson,
“Unsupervised Activity Perception in Crowded
and Complicated Scenes using Hierarchical
Bayesian Models”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(3), 539-
555, 2009.
- C. C. Loy, T. Xiang, S. Gong, “Multi-Camera
Activity Correlation Analysis”, In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’09), 1988-1995, 2009.
- R. Mehran, A. Oyama, M. Shah, “Abnormal
Crowd Behavior Detection using Social Force
Model”, In IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’09),
935-942, 2009.
- T. Hospedales, S. Gong, T. Xiang, “A Markov
Clustering Topic Model for Mining Behaviour in
Video”, In IEEE 12th International Conference
on Computer Vision, 1165–1172, 2009.
- S. Ali, M. Shah, “A Lagrangian Particle Dynamics
Approach for Crowd Flow Segmentation and
Stability Analysis”, In IEEE Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
(CVPR’07), 1–6, 2007.
- J. Liu, B. Kuipers, S. Savarese, “Recognizing
Human Actions by Attributes”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’11), 3337-3344, 2011.
- B. Zhou, X. Tang, X. Wang, “Coherent Filtering:
Detecting Coherent Motions from Crowd
Clutters”, Computer Vision (ECCV’12), 857-
871, 2012.
- B. Zhou, X. Tang, X. Wang, “Measuring Crowd
Collectiveness”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition(CVPR’13), 3049-3056, 2013.
- J. Shao, C. C. Loy, X. Wang, “Scene-Independent
Group Profiling in Crowd”, In Proceedings of the
IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition(CVPR’14), 2219-2226,
2014.
- K. Kang, X. Wang, “Fully Convolutional Neural
Networks for Crowd Segmentation”, ArXiv
preprint, arXiv:1411.4464, 2014.
- S. Yi, X. Wang, C. Lu, J. Jia, “L0 Regularized
Stationary Time Estimation for Crowd Group
Analysis”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’14), 2211-2218, 2014.
- F. Zhu, X. Wang, N. Yu, “Crowd Tracking with
Dynamic Evolution of Group Structures”, In
European Conference on Computer Vision,
Springer, 139-154, 2014.
- B. Zhou, X. Tang, X. Wang, “Learning Collective
Crowd Behaviors with Dynamic Pedestrian-
Agents”, International Journal of Computer
Vision, 111(1), 50-68, 2015.
- S. Yi, H. Li, X. Wang, “Understanding Pedestrian
Behaviors from Stationary Crowd Groups”, In
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,
3488-3496, 2015.
- J. Shao, K. Kang, C. C. Loy, X. Wang, “Deeply
Learned Attributes for Crowded Sscene Understanding”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’15), 4657-4666, 2015.
- B. Zhou, X. Wang, X. Tang, "Understanding
Collective Crowd Behaviors: Learning a Mixture
Model of Dynamic Pedestrian-Agents", In
Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’12),
2871-2878, 2012.
- N. Kumar, A. C. Berg, P. N. Belhumeur, S. K.
Nayar, “Attribute and Simile Classifiers for Face
Verification”, In IEEE 12th International
Conference on Computer Vision, 365–372,
2009.
- A. Farhadi, I. Endres, D. Hoiem, D. Forsyth,
“Describing Objects by Their Attributes”, In
IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition (CVPR’09), 1778–1785,
2009.
- C. H. Lampert, H. Nickisch, S. Harmeling,
“Learning to Detect Unseen Object Classes by
Between-Class Attribute Transfer”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR'09), 951–958, 2009.
- T. L. Berg, A. C. Berg, J. Shih, “Automatic
Attribute Discovery and Characterization from
Noisy Web Data”, In European Conference on
Computer Vision, Springer, 663–676, 2010.
- Y. Fu, T. Hospedales, T. Xiang, S. Gong,
“Attribute
Learning
for
Understanding
Unstructured Social Activity”, Computer Vision
(ECCV’12), 530-543, 2012.
- G. Patterson, J. Hays, “Sun Attribute Database:
Discovering, Annotating, and Recognizing Scene
Attributes”, In IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’12),
2751-2758, 2012.
- A. Oliva, A. Torralba, “Modeling the Shape of the
Scene: A Holistic Representation of the Spatial
Envelope”, International Journal of Computer
Vision, 42(3), 145–175, 2001.
- F-F. Li, I. Asha, K. Christof, P. Pietro, “What Do
We Perceive in a Glance of a Real-World Scene?”,
Journal of Vision, 7(1), 10-10, 2007.
- D. Parikh, K. Grauman, “Interactively Building a
Discriminative
Vocabulary
of
Nameable
Attributes”, In IEEE Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’11),
1681-1688, 2011.
- F. Jiang, Y. Wu, A. K. Katsaggelos, “Detecting
Contextual Anomalies of Crowd Motion in
Surveillance Video,” 16th IEEE International
Conference on Image Processing (ICIP’09),
1117-1120, 2009.
- Ö. Akşehirli, H. Ankaralı, Ş. Cangür, M. A.
Sungur, “Breiman Algoritması Kullanılarak Homojen Alt Grupların Belirlenmesi: Bir
Uygulama”, Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 7(1),
19-24, 2014.
- L. Kratz, K. Nishino, “Anomaly Detection in
Extremely Crowded Scenes using Spatio-
Temporal Motion Pattern Models”, In IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’09), 1446-1453, 2009.
- V. Mahadevan, W. Li, V. Bhalodia, N.
Vasconcelos, “Anomaly Detection in Crowded
Scenes”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision
and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’10), 1975-
1981, 2010
- V. Reddy, C. Sanderson, B. C. Lovell, “Improved
Anomaly Detection in Crowded Scenes via Cell-
Based Analysis of Foreground Speed, Size and
Textures”, IEEE Computer Society Conference
on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Workshops (CVPRW), 55-61, 2011.
- V. Saligrama, Z. Chen, “Video Anomaly Detection
Based on Local Statistical Aggregates”, IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’12), 2112-2119, 2012.
- L. Cao, K. Huang, “Video-Based Crowd Density
Estimation and Prediction System for Wide-Area
Surveillance”, China Communications, 10(5), 79-
88, 2013.
- A. Karpathy, G. Toderici, S. Shetty, T. Leung, R.
Sukthankar, F-F. Li, “Large-Scale Video
Classification
with Convolutional Neural
Networks”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’14), 1725–1732, 2014.
- K. Simonyan, A. Zisserman, “Very Deep
Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image
Recognition,” ArXiv preprint, arXiv:1409.1556,
2014.
- C. Zhang, H. Li, X. Wang, X. Yang, “Cross-Scene
Crowd Counting via Deep Convolutional Neural
Networks”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR’15), 833-841, 2015.
- H. Idrees, I. Saleemi, C. Seibert, M. Shah, “Multi-
Source Multi-Scale Counting in Extremely Dense
Crowd Images”, In Proceedings of the IEEE
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, 2547–2554, 2013.
- C. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Yang, S. Liu, X. Cao,
“Deep People Counting in Extremely Dense
Crowds”, In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM
international conference on Multimedia, 1299-
1302, 2015.
- J. Li, L. Huang, C. Liu, “An Efficient Self-
Learning People Counting System”, In First
Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition
(ACPR’11), 125-129, 2011.
- L. Boominathan, SS. S. Kruthiventi, R. V. Babu,
“Crowdnet: A Deep Convolutional Network for
Dense Crowd Counting”, In Proceedings of the
2016 ACM on Multimedia Conference, 640–
644, 2016.
- N. Dalal, B. Triggs, “Histograms of Oriented
Gradients for Human Detection”, In IEEE
Computer Society Conference on Computer
Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’05),
Volume 1, 886–893, 2005.
- C. E. Rasmussen, C. K. I. Williams, Gaussian
Processes for Machine Learning, University
Press Group Limited, 2006.
- T. Xu, X. Chen, G. Wei, W. Wang, “Crowd
Counting using Accumulated HOG”, In IEEE
12th International Conference on Natural
Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge
Discovery (ICNC FSKD), 1877-1881, 2016.
- Y. Zhang, D. Zhou, S. Chen, S. Gao, Y. Ma,
“Single Image Crowd Counting via Multi-Column
Convolutional Neural Network”, Proceedings of
the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition (CVPR’16), 589-597, 2016.
- L. Lebanoff, H. Idrees, Counting in Dense
Crowds
using
Deep
Learning,
REU
Participants & Projects Final Report, University
of Central California, 2015.
- D. Kang, D. Dhar, A. B. Chan, “Crowd Counting
by Adapting Convolutional Neural Networks with
Side
Information”,
ArXiv
preprint,
arXiv:1611.06748, 2016.
- L. Cao, X. Zhang, W. Ren, K. Huang, “Large Scale
Crowd Analysis Based on Convolutional Neural
Network”, Pattern Recognition, 48(10), 3016–
3024, 2015.
- M. Marsden, K. McGuinness, S. Little, N. E.
O’Connor, “ResnetCrowd: A Residual Deep
Learning Architecture for Crowd Counting,
Violent Behaviour Detection and Crowd Density
Level Classification”, 13th IEEE International
Conference on Advanced Video and Signal
Based Surveillance (AVSS), 1-7, 2016.
- C. Shang, H. Ai, B. Bai, “End-to-End Crowd
Counting via Joint Learning Local and Global
Count”, In IEEE International Conference on
Image Processing (ICIP’16), 1215-1219, 2016.
- Y. Hu, H. Chang, F. Nian, Y. Wang, T. Li T,
“Dense Crowd Counting from Still Images with
Convolutional Neural Networks”, Journal of
Visual Communication and Image Representation,
38, 530–539, 2016.
- D. O ̃noro, R. R. Lopez-Sastre, “Towards
Perspective-Free Object Counting with Deep
Learning”, Computer Vision-ECCV 2016: 14th
European Conference, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 2016.
- C. Zhang, K. Kang, H. Li, X. Wang, R. Xie, X.
Yang, “Datadriven Crowd Understanding: a
Baseline for a Large-Scale Crowd Dataset”, IEEE
Transactions on Multimedia, 18, 1048-1061, 2016.
- S. Kumagai, K. Hotta, T. Kurita, “Mixture of
Counting CNNs: Adaptive Integration of CNNs
Specialized to Specific Appearance for Crowd
Counting”, ArXiv preprint, arXiv:1703.09393,
2017.
- V. D. Sindagi, V. M. Patel, “CNN-Based Cascaded
Multi-Task Learning of High-Level Prior and
Density Estimation for Crowd Counting”, IEEE
International Conference on Advanced Video
and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), 1-6,
2017.
- D. B. Sam, S. Surya, R. V. Babu, “Switching
Convolutional Neural Network for Crowd
Counting”, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference
on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
(CVPR’17), 4031-4019, 2017.
- Internet: UCSD Anomaly Detection Dataset,
http://www.svcl.ucsd.edu/projects/anomaly/datase
t.htm, 01.10.2017.
- Internet: Mall Dataset, Crowd Counting Dataset, http://personal.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/~ccloy/downloads_
mall_dataset.html, 01.10.2017.
- Internet: UCF_CC_50 Dataset, University of
Central Florida, Center for Research in Computer
Vision,
http://crcv.ucf.edu/data/crowd_counting.php,
01.10.2017.
- Internet:
WorldExpo’10,
http://cs-
chan.com/downloads_crowd_dataset.html,
18.02.2018.
- Internet:
ShanghaiTech
Part
A,
https://github.com/svishwa/crowdcount-mcnn,
01.10.2017.
- Internet:
ShanghaiTech
Part
B,
https://github.com/svishwa/crowdcount-mcnn,
01.10.2017.
- E. Walach, L. Wolf, “Learning to Count with CNN
Boosting”, European Conference on Computer
Vision, Springer, 660-676, 2016.
- B. Sheng, C. Shen, G. Lin, J. Li, W. Yang, C. Sun,
“Crowd Counting via Weighted Vlad on Dense
Attribute Feature Maps”, IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2016.