Hanifi ÜZÜM, Nevzat MİRZEOĞLU, Ercan POLAT, Selcuk AKPINAR

7224

SPDORCULAR İÇİN ÖRGÜTSEL STRES DÜZEYİ BELİRLEME ÖLÇEĞİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sporcuların örgütsel stres düzeyini tespit etmek için kullanılacak bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla Futbol, Basketbol, Voleybol ve Hentbol’culardan oluşan evrenden iki ayrı örneklem alınmıştır. Birinci örneklem N=479 , ikinci örneklem N=430 sporcudan oluşmuştur. Birinci örneklem için, araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan 139 maddeden oluşan ölçeğe, Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmış ve 43 maddenin öz değeri 1’den büyük 5 faktör altında toplandığı saptanmıştır. Bu faktörler; antrenör davranışı α=0.95, yönetim ve finansman α=0.86, sağlık ve beslenme α=0.82, seyirci davranışları α=0.86 ve kararlara katılma α=0.70 alt boyutları olarak adlandırılmıştır. Toplam ölçeğin alfa değeri ise α=0.96 bulunmuştur. Elde edilen 43 maddelik bu ölçek Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi için ikinci örnekleme uygulanmış ve analiz sonucunda Ki-karenin serbestlik derecesine oranı X2/sd/sd=2,42 bulunmuştur. Diğer uyum iyiliği değerleri ise RMSEA=0.057, NFI=0.96, NNFI=0.97, CFI=0.98, GFI=0,87 ve AGFI=0.85 olarak belirlenmiş ve ölçekteki soru sayısı 30’a düşmüştür. Toplam ölçeğin alfa değerinin α=0.94 olduğu, alt boyutlardan ise antrenör davranışı α=0.91, yönetim ve finansman α=0.87, sağlık ve beslenme α=0.82, seyirci davranışı α=0.82 ve kararlara katılma alt boyutunun ise α=0.70 olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar, geliştirilen ölçüm aracının sporcuların örgütsel stres düzeylerini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sporcu, Örgütsel Stres, Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL

The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to assess the level of athletes’ organizational stress. For this purpose, two samples were taken from athletes playing soccer, basketball, volleyball, and handball. The number of athletes was N=479 for the first sample and was N=430 for the second sample. The draft version of the scale consisted of 139 items and was distributed to the first sample. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the first data set. There were 43 items which had eigenvalues above 1 and these items were loaded under five factors. These factors were subscaled as trainer behaviors α=0.95, management and finance α=0.86, health and nutrition α=0.82, spectator behaviors α=0.86 and participating decision making α=0.70. This obtained 43-item scale was administered to the second sample to apply confirmatory factor analysis. Chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio was found as The other parameters were determined as RMSEA=0.057, NFI=0.96, NNFI=0.97, CFI=0.98, GFI=0. 87 and AGFI=0.85, and 13 items were excluded from the scale. Total Cronbach alpha for the final version of scale was found to be α=0.94, for the subscales as followed; trainer behaviors α=0.91, management and finance α=0.87, health and nutrition α=0.82, spectator behaviors α=0.82, and participating decision making α=0.70
Keywords:

Exploratory factor analysis, Confirmatory factor analysis, Athletes, Organizational stress,

PDF

___

  • Altungül, O. (2006). Determination of stress level of people participating soccer activities with respect to their personality types. Unpublished master’s thesis, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey. [in Turkish with English Abstract]
  • Anderson, B. M. & Williams, M. J. (1999). Athletic injury, psychosocial factors, and perceptual changes during stress. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 735-741.
  • Anshel, M. H. & Delany, J. (2001). Sources of acute stress, cognitive appraisal, and coping strategies of male and female child athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 329-353.
  • Anshel, M. H. & Wells, B. (2000). Source of acute stress and coping styles in competitive sport. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 12, 1-26.
  • Brewer, B. W. (1994). Review and critique of models of psychological adjustments to athletic injury. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6, 87-100.
  • Champbell, E. & Jones, G. (2002). Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 19, 82-99.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications). Pagem Akademi, Ankara, Turkey. [in Turkish]
  • Dugdale, R. J., Eklund, C. R., & Gordon, S. (2002). Expected international competition: appraisal, coping, and performance. The Sport Psychologist, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 16, 20-33. stressors in major
  • Hanton, S. & Fletcher, D. (2005). Organizational stress in competitive sport: More than we bargained for? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 36, 273- 283.
  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Fletcher, D. & Hanton, S. (2003). Source of organizational stress in elite sports performers. The Sport Psychologist, Human Kinetics Publishers Inc., 17, 175-195.
  • Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S. (2006). An organizational stress review: Conceptual and theoretical issues in competitive sport. In S. Hanton & S. D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology, (321–373). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Fletcher, D. & Wagstaff, C. R. (2009). Organizational psychology in elite sport: its emergence, application and future. Psychology Sport & Exercise, 10(4), 427–434.
  • Geisler, G. & Kerr, J.H.(2007). Competition stress and affective experiences of Canadian and Japanese futsal players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38(2), 187-206.
  • George, D. & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to use the SAS(R) system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
  • Holt, N. L. & Hogg, J. M. (1999). Perception of stress and coping during preparations for the 1999 Women’s Soccer World Cup Finals. NASPSPA, Abstracts, 29.
  • Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: Users Reference Guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
  • Kline P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge Press, London and New York.
  • Kristiansen, E., Halvari, H., & Roberts, G. C. (2011). Organizational and media stress among professional football players: testing an achievement goal theory model. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 1600-0838.
  • Kristiansen, E., Hanstad, D. V., & Roberts, G. C. (2011). Coping with the media at the Vancouver Winter Olympics: “we all make a living out of this”. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23, 443-458.
  • Krotee M. L. & Bucher A. C. (2007). Sport Management. (Köseoğlu, s., Trans.), Beyaz Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Levy, A., Nicholls, A., Marchant, D., Polman, R., Fletcher, D., & Hanin, Y. (2009). Organizational stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness: A longitudinal study with an elite coach. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4, 31–45.
  • McKay, J., Niven, A. G., Lavallee, D., & White, A. (2008). Sources of strain among elite UK track athletes. Sport Psychology, 22(2), 143–163.
  • Morgan G. (1993). Strategies for coping with stress at the job and life. (Çağla, Ş., Trans.), Ruh Bilim Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey. [in Turkish]
  • Nicholls, A., Holt, N., Polman, R., & Bloomfield, J. (2006). Stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness among professional rugby union players. The Sport Psychologist, Human Kinetics Publishers Inc., 20(3), 314-329.
  • Nicholls, A.R., Polman, R.C.J., Levy, A.R., & Hulleman, J. (2012). An explanation for the fallacy of facilitative anxiety: stress, emotions, coping, and subjective performance in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology,43(4), 273-293.
  • O'Neil, J. W. & Steyn, J. M. (2007). Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(2), 99-107.
  • Schermelleh, E. K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R., G. (2004). Beginner’s guide to structural equation modelling. Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey-USA. 32. Selye, H. (1974). Stress without distress. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
  • Steers, R. M. (1988). Introduction to Organizational Behaviour (3rd ed.). New York, NY HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları (Introduction to structural equation modelling: LISREL applications). Ekinoks, Ankara, Turkey. [in Turkish]
  • Şimşek, M. (1999). Yönetim ve organizasyon (Management and organization), Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara, Turkey. [in Turkish]
  • Trail G. T. & James J. D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scales psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24(2), 108-128.
  • Wann, D. L., Wiggins, M. S. (1999). Preliminary investigation of the confidence of sport spectators: importance of time, difficulty of the game, and team identification. Perceptual Motor Skills, 89(1), 305-310.
  • Walter, E.S. & John F.M. (1985). Life change, stress, injury and illness in adult runners. Stress Medicine, 1, 237-244.
  • Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2001). A case study of organizational stress in elite sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 207-238.
  • Yılmaz, V. & Çelik, H. E. (2009). LISREL ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi I, 1. Baskı (Structural equation modelling with LISREL– I.) (1st ed.). Pagem Akademi, Ankara, Turkey. [in Turkish]
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1307-6477
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2007
  • Yayıncı: Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE SAĞLIKLI YAŞAM BİÇİMİ DAVRANIŞLARI İLE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Fatih MURATHAN, Talha MURATHAN, Ümit YETİŞ, Zait Burak AKTUĞ, Aykut DÜNDAR

SPDORCULAR İÇİN ÖRGÜTSEL STRES DÜZEYİ BELİRLEME ÖLÇEĞİ

Hanifi ÜZÜM, Nevzat MİRZEOĞLU, Ercan POLAT, Selcuk AKPINAR

ÜMİT MİLLİ JUDO TAKIMININ OLUMSUZ DEĞERLENDİRİLMEKTEN KORKMA VE EMPATİK EĞİLİM DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Ebru Olcay KARABULUT, Ziya BAHADIR

OLİMPİK, MAKARALI VE GELENEKSEL TÜRK OKÇULUĞU DENGE YETENEKLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI: ÖN ÇALIŞMA

Deniz ŞİMŞEK, Ali Onur CERRAH, Hayri ERTAN