Perceived Fairness of Teacher Selection Process in Turkey

Perceived Fairness of Teacher Selection Process in Turkey

This paper uniquely applies organisational justice theory to the teacher selection process and analyses the interview method in a centralised, heavily competitive context, with a non-autonomous selection process. Regression analysis indicated that the variables procedural justice, interactional justice, public personnel selection examination score, interview score, being hired, gender, and branch have a significant relationship with distributive justice perceptions. Furthermore, the teacher selection interview method was perceived as unjust and unfair; it is subjective to influential contacts and favouritism, ignores candidates’ labour and efforts by simply disqualifying most, and has poor reliability and validity structure.

___

  • Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in experimental social psychology” L. Berkowitz (ed.), pp. 267–299. NY: Academic Press.
  • Akyüz, Y. (2004). Türk eğitim tarihi: Başlangıçtan 2004’e [History of the Turkish education: From the beginning to 2004]. Anı.
  • Arı, E. & Yılmaz, V. (2015). KPSS hazırlık kursuna devam eden öğretmen adaylarının umutsuzluk düzeyleri [Hopelessness levels of teachers who follow KPSS preperation courses]. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(4). 905-931.
  • Aydın-Düzgit S. & Balta, E. (2018). When elites polarize over polarization: framing the polarization debate in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 1–24.
  • AYÖP. (2020). Ataması yapılmayan öğretmenler platformu. https://tr-tr.facebook.com/atanamayanogretmenlerpartisi
  • Bahri-Ammari, N. & Bilgihan, A. (2017). The effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on customer retention: An empirical investigation in the mobile telecom industry in Tunisia.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 37, 89-100.
  • Baskan, G.A. (2001). Öğretmenlik mesleği ve öğretmen yetiştirmede yeniden yapılanma.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(20), 16-25.
  • Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., Sanchez, R. J, C., Jane M.,C, Ferrara P. a&Campion, M. A. (2001). Applicant reactions to selection: development of the selection procedural justice scale (SPJS).” Personnel Psychology 54 (2), 387-419.
  • Bavetta, S. & Navara, P. (2012). The economics of freedom: theory, measurement, and policy implications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Berry, B. & Shields, P. M. (2017). Solving the teacher shortage: revisiting the Lessons we've learned.” Phi Delta Kappan 98(8), 8-18.
  • Bies, R. J. & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice, communication criteria of fairness Research on Negotiations (First ed.). R. J. Lewincki, B. H. Sheppard & B. H. Bazerman (eds.), 43-55. JAI Press.
  • Brashear, T., M. Mrooks, C. and Boles, J. S. (2004). Distributive and procedural justice in a sales force context: scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research 57(1), 86-93.
  • Burger, R. (2017). Student perceptions of the fairness of grading procedures: A multilevel investigation of the role of the academic environment. Higher Education, 74, 301-320.
  • Chang, M-L. (2009). An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: examining the emotional work of teachers.” Educational psychology Review, 21, 193-218.
  • Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
  • Davies, P., Connolly, M., Nelson, J., Hulme M. & Kirkman, J. (2016). Letting in the right one in’: provider contexts for recruitment to initial teacher education in the United Kingdom. Teaching and Teacher Education 60, 291-302.
  • Doğan, T. & Çoban, A.E. 2009. Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumları ve kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 34(153), 157-168.
  • Donitsa-Schmidt, S. & Zuzovsky, R. (2016). Quantitative and qualitative teacher shortage and the turnover phenomenon.” International Journal of Educational Research 77, 83–91.
  • Duell, D. & Valasek, J. (2019). Political polarization and selection in representative democracies.” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 168, 132–165.
  • Ebmeier H. and Ng, J. (2006). Development and field test of an employment selection instrument for teachers in urban school districts. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education 18(3), 201-218.
  • Eğitim Bir-Sen. (2016). Sözleşmeli öğretmenlik sorunlara, mülakat adaletsizliğe yol açıyor. http://tekirdag.egitimbirsen.org.tr/manset/1927/sozlesmeli-ogretmenlik-sorunlara-mulakat-adaletsizlige-yol-aciyor
  • Engel M. & Curran F. C. (2016). Toward understanding principals’ hiring practices. Journal of Educational Administration 54(2), 173-190.
  • Eskici, M. (2016). Öğretmen adaylarının atanamama kaygılarının çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Turkish Studies 11(19), 361-378.
  • European Commission. (2019). Education and training monitor. Sweden.
  • European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice. (2018). Teaching careers in Europe: Access, progression and support: Eurydice report. Publication Office of the European Union.
  • Fondacaro, M.R., Jackson, S. L., and Luescher, J. (2002). Toward the assessment of procedural and distributive justice in resolving family disputes. Social Justice Research 15, 314–371.
  • García, E. & Weiss, E. (2019). The teacher shortage is real, large and growing, and worse than we thought: the first report in ‘the perfect storm in the teacher labor market’ series. Economic Policy Institute.
  • Gilliland, S. W., & Hale, J. M. S. (2005). “How can justice be used to improve employee selection practices.” Handbook of Organizational Justice, Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (eds.) pp. 411–438. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Gilliland, S. W. (1993). “The perceived fairness of selection systems: an organizational justice perspective.” The academy of Management Review, 18(4), 694-734.
  • Goldhaber, D., Grout, C. & Huntington-Klein, N. (2014). It’s selective but is it effective? exploring the predictive validity of teacher selection tools, Center for Education Data and Research.
  • Gouveaia-Pereira, M., Vala, J. & Palmonari, A. (2003). School experience, relational justice and legitimation of institutional. European journal of psychology of education XVIII(3), 309-325.
  • Grechyna, D. (2016). On the determinants of political polarization. Economics Letters 144, 10–14.
  • Gürgil, F. (2019). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleği ile öğretmen atama ve yerleştirme sistemine yönelik görüşleri[Opinions of social studies teacher candidates regarding the teaching profession and the teacher appointment and placement system]. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi 13(27), 263-289.
  • Hextall, I. M. Pat & Menter, I. (2001). Just testing? an analysis of the implementation of ‘skills tests’ for entry into the teaching profession in England. Journal of Education of Teaching 27:3: 221-239.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures and consequences. Sage Publication.
  • Ingersoll, R. M. & Perda, D. (2010). Is the supply of mathematics and science teachers sufficient?” American Educational Research Journal 47(3),: 563-594.
  • Jacob, B. A., Rockoff J. E., Taylor E. S., Lindy, B., & Rosen R. (2018). Teacher applicant hiring and teacher performance: evidence from DC public schools. Journal of public economics 166, 81-97.
  • Kimbrel, L. (2019). Teacher hiring: the disconnect between research based best practice and processes used by school principals.” Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting education, practice, and research,9(2), 12-27.
  • Klassen, R. M, Durksen T. L, Rowett E. & Fiona P. (2014). Applicant reactions to a situational judgment test used for selection into initial teacher training. International journal of educational psychology, 3(2), 104-124.
  • Kravitz, D..A., Stone-Romero, E..F., & Ryer, J..A. (1997). Student evaluations of grade appeal procedures: the importance of procedural justice. Research in higher education 38, 699– 726.
  • Lind, E. A. and Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. Plenum Press.
  • Lindqvist, E. & Ostling, R. 2010. Political polarization and the size of government.”, The American political science review 104(3), 543-565.
  • Lindqvist, P., Nordänger, U.K. & Carlsson, R. (2014). Teacher attrition the first five years- a multifaceted image. Teaching and teacher education 40, 94-103.
  • Liu, E. and Johnson S.M. (2006). New teachers’ experiences of hiring: late, rushed and information poor. Educational administration quarterly 42(3), 324-360.
  • MEB. (2016). Sözleşmeli öğretmenliğe başvuru ve atama duyurusu. http://www.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2016_08/05101302_szlemeliretmenalmduyurusu.pdf
  • MEB. (2017). Öğretmen strateji belgesi 2017-2023. http://oygm.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2017_07/26174415_Strateji_Belgesi_RG-Ylan-_26.07.2017.pdf
  • MEB. (2019). Milli eğitim istatistikleri: national education statistics. http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/icerik_goruntule.php?KNO=361
  • Metzger S. A. & Wu, M.J. (2008). Commercial teacher selection instruments: the validity of selecting teachers through beliefs, attitudes, and values. Review of educational research 78(4), 921-940.
  • Mikula, G., P, B., & Tanzer, N. K. (1990). What people regard as unjust: types and structures of everyday experiences of injustice. European journal of social psychology, 20(2),133–149.
  • Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviours: do fairness perceptions ınfluence employee citizenship?” Journal of applied psychology 76(6), 845-855.
  • Nesbit, P. L., & Burton, S. (2006). Student justice perceptions following assignment feedback.” Assessment and evaluation in higher education 31(6), 655-670.
  • O’Doherty T. & Harford J. (2018). Reacher recruitment: reflections from Ireland on the current crisis in teacher supply. European journal of teacher education 41(5), 654-669.
  • OECD. (2019). Education at a glance 2019. http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm/?refcode=20190209ig
  • OECD (2020). Teachers' salaries (indicator). https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/f689fb91-en
  • Ordabayeva, N. (2019). Similar but unequal: political polarization in the effects of perceived social similarity on support for redistribution.” Journal of experimental social psychology, 84(103811).
  • ÖSYM. (2016). Kpss öğretmenlik (öabt) aday sayıları. http://dokuman.osym.gov.tr/pdfdokuman/2016/KPSS/OABT/OABTSonucSayisalBilgiler02092016.pdf
  • Peyton D. J., Acosta K., Harvey A., Pua D. J, Sindelar P. T, Mason-W., Loretta, D. J, Fisher, T. & Crews, E. (2020). Special education teacher shortage: differences between high and low shortage states. Teacher education and special education, 1–19.
  • Price, J. L. & Mueller, C. W. (1986). Handbook of organizational measurement. Pittman.
  • Ritzema, E. S, Deunk, M. I, Bosker, R. J & van Kuijk M. F. (2016). The relation between teacher-set performance goals and students’ mathematical achievement. Studies in educational evaluation (51), 17-28.
  • Ryan, A.M & Ployhart, R. E. (2014). A century of selection. Annual. Review of Psychology 65(1), 693-717.
  • Scandura, T. A. (1999). Rethinking leader-member exchange: an organizational justice perspective. Leadership Quarterly 10(l), 25-40.
  • Schaefers, C. & Terhart, E. (2006). The participation of schools in the recruitment of teachers: evaluating new procedures in Germany. European journal of teacher education 29(4), 505-517.
  • Schleicher, A, (2012). Preparing teachers and developing school leaders for the 21st century: Lessons from around the world. OECD publishing https://www.oecd.org/site/eduistp2012/49850576.
  • See, B. H. & Gorard, S. (2020). Why don’t we have enough teachers?: A reconsideration of the available evidence. Research papers in education, 35(4), 416-442. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1568535.
  • Smith, L., Todd, L. & Laing K. (2018). Students’ views on fairness in education: the importance of relational justice and stakes fairness. Research paper in education 33(3), 336-353.
  • Soydan, T. (2015). Osmanlı son döneminden günümüze Türkiye’de öğretmen istihdamı ve sorunlarına bir bakış [Overview of teacher employment and problems in Turkey from the late Ottoman period to the present]. Karakütük, K. (ed.), pp. 581-597. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Taut, S, Valencia E., Palacios, D, Santelices M. V., Jimenez D. & Manzi J. (2016). Teacher performance and student learning: linking evidence from two national assessment programmes.” Assessment in education: principles, policy and practice 23(1). 53-74.
  • Tekes¸ B., Imamoglu, E. O., Ozdemir, F. & Oner- Ozkan, B. (2020). Political orientations and morality judgments in the Turkish context: considering the roles of the needs for cognition and recognition. Psychological reports. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294119899903.
  • Tonbul, Y. & Ağaçdiken, Y. (2018). Öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerine göre sözleşmeli öğretmenlik mülakatındaki soruların incelenmesi. E-Uluslararası eğitim araştırmaları dergisi, 9(2): 46-63.
  • Triandis, Harry C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
  • Tyler, R. R. (1989). The psychology of procedural justice: A test of the group-value model. Journal of personality and social psychology 57(5), 830-838.
  • Vermunt, R. & Steensma, H. (2005). How can justice be used to manage stress in organizations? Handbook of organizational justice. Greenberg J. & Colquitt J. A.(eds.), po. 383–410). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Waldow, F. (2013). Conceptions of justice in the examination systems of England, Germany and Sweden: a look at safeguards of fair procedure and possibilities of appeal.” Comparative education review 58(2), 322-343.
  • Wan, Y., Pardo, M. & Asson, S. (2019). Past and projected trends in teacher demand and supply in Michigan. Regional educational laboratory midwest, https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/regions/midwest/pdf/REL_2019009.
  • White, P, Gorard S & Huat See, B. (2006). What are the problems with teacher supply? Teaching and teacher education 22, 315-326.
  • You, J. (2014). Pedagogies of teacher selection: a south Korean case. Advances in research on teaching 22, 15-22