Nicholas G. KOUNIS, Cesare de GREGORIO, Ioanna KONIARI

COVID-19 and Kounis Syndrome: Deciphering Their Relationship

PDF

___

1. Zhu Z, Lian X, Su X et al. From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: A brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):224. ([CrossRef]
2. Hopkins J Coronavirus Resource Center (available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ data/mortality March 1, 2021)
3. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607-613. [CrossRef]
4. Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine Storm. N Engl J Med. 2020 ;383(23):2255-2273. [CrossRef]
5. Stone SF, Cotterell C, Isbister GK, Emergency Department Anaphylaxis Investigators et al. Elevated serum cytokines during human anaphylaxis: identification of potential mediators of acute allergic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(4):786-92.e4. [CrossRef]
6. Kounis NG, Koniari I, Velissaris D, Tzanis G, Hahalis G. Kounis syndrome—not a single-organ arterial disorder but a multisystem and multidisciplinary disease. Balk Med J. 2019;36(4):212-221. [CrossRef]
7. Lucas C,Wong P, Klein J et al. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020;584(7821):463-469. [CrossRef]
8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513. [CrossRef]30211-7)
9. Dahinden CA, Geiser T, Brunner T et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil- and eosinophil-activating chemokine. J Exp Med. 1994;179(2):751- 756. [CrossRef]
10. Ferenbach D, Hughes J. Macrophages and dendritic cells: What is the difference? Kidney Int. 2008;74(1):5-7. [CrossRef]
11. Dollery CM, Libby P. Atherosclerosis and proteinase activation. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69(3):625-635. [CrossRef]
12. Newby AC. Metalloproteinases promote plaque rupture and myocardial infarction: A persuasive concept waiting for clinical translation. Matrix Biol. 2015;44-46:157-166. [CrossRef]
13. Theoharides TC. Potential association of mast cells with coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(3):217-218. [CrossRef]
14. Khan S. Mast cell tryptase level should be checked in all patients with suspected Kounis syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(31):3018. [CrossRef]
15. Theoharides TC. Neuroendocrinology of mast cells: challenges and controversies. Exp Dermatol. 2017;26(9):751-759. [CrossRef]
16. Theoharides TC, Conti P. COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome, or is it mast cell activation syndrome? J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(5) :1633- 1636. [CrossRef]
17. Galli SJ, Tsai M. Mast cells in allergy and infection: versatile effector and regulatory cells in innate and adaptive immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(7):1843-1851. [CrossRef]
18. Rich MW. Is vasospastic angina an inflammatory disease? Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(11):1612. [CrossRef]
19. Hasegawa S, Tashiro N, Matsubara T, Furukawa S, Ra C. A comparison of FcepsilonRI-mediated RANTES release from human platelets between allergic patients and healthy individuals. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(suppl 1):42-47. [CrossRef]
20. Kounis NG, Koniari I, de Gregorio C et al. Allergic reactions to current available COVID-19 vaccinations: pathophysiology, causality, and therapeutic considerations. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(3):221. [CrossRef]
21. Prieto-Lobato A, Ramos-Martínez R, Vallejo-Calcerrada N, Corbí-Pascual M, Córdoba-Soriano JG. A case series of stent thrombosis During the COVID-19 pandemic. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1291-1296. [CrossRef]
2 2. Saba L, Gerosa C, Wintermark M et al. COVID19 trigger the plaque vulnerability-a Kounis syndrome warning for “asymptomatic subjects”. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020;10:1352-1355.
2 3. Ertekin A. Triggered by Covid-19? Large vascular occlusion resulting in cytokine Storm syndrome and Kounis syndrome: A case report. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021;2:030-033.
2 4. Wang M, Talon A, Saririan M. Covid-19 cardiac arrest due to Prinzmetal's angina in a previously normal heart. Authorea. March 28, 2021. [CrossRef]
2 5. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021 April 9. [CrossRef]
26. See I, Su JR, Lale A et al. US Case Reports of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia After Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA.COV2. 2021;26:e217517. [CrossRef] [Epub ahead of print].
27. Karron RA, Key NS, Sharfstein JM. Assessing a rare and serious adverse event following administration of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. JAMA. 2021. [CrossRef] [Epub ahead of print]
28. Hasegawa S, Tashiro N, Matsubara T, Furukawa S, Ra C. A comparison of FcepsilonRI-mediated RANTES release from human platelets between allergic patients and healthy individuals. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(suppl 1):42-47. [CrossRef]
29. Rose MJ, Page C. Glycosaminoglycans and the regulation of allergic inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004 ;3(3):221-225. [CrossRef]
30. Hewitt RL, Akers DL, Leissinger CA, Gill JI, Aster RH. Concurrence of anaphylaxis and acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with heparin-induced antibodies. J Vasc Surg. 1998 ;28(3):561-565. [CrossRef]
31. Kounis NG, Soufras GD, Almpanis G, Tsigkas G, Mazarakis A. Acute stent thrombosis and heparin induced thrombocytopenia: another manifestation of kounis syndrome? Korean Circ J. 2013 ;43(4):221-222. [CrossRef]