TURUNÇGİL ISLAHI: EMBRİYO KÜLTÜRÜ ÇALIŞMALARI¹

Çalışmada, turunçgil ıslahında kullanılan geleneksel yöntemlerden seleksiyon, melezleme ve mutasyonteknikleri ile birlikte veya tek başına kullanılarak daha kısa zamanda ve daha hızlı ilerleme sağlayanbiyoteknolojik yöntemlerden, ploidi ıslahı, izoenzim analizleri, moleküler teknikler, genetiktransformasyon, somatik melezleme ve özellikle embriyo kültürü ile bu tekniğe etki eden faktörlerirdelenmiştir. Geleneksel turunçgil ıslahı; uyuşmazlık, heterozigoti, apomiksis, poliembriyoni ve uzunsüren gençlik kısırlığına bağlı olarak zahmetli, maliyetli ve zaman alıcı bir uğraştır. Islah çalışmalarındaister geleneksel ister modern teknikler olsun hedefe ulaşmak için uygun ebeveynlerin ve uygun tekniklerinseçimi önemlidir. Ebeveynler arasındaki genetik ilişkiler ile hedeflenen karakterlerin kalıtımı hakkında eldeedilen bilgiler, ıslah çalışmalarının doğru yönlendirilmesi ve daha kısa sürede başarı sağlanması içinoldukça önemlidir. Poliembriyoni nedeniyle yeni melez bireylerin oluşumu sınırlı olmasına rağmenmelezleme ıslahı, turunçgillerde çeşit geliştirmenin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Poliembriyonikturunçgillerde zigotik embriyo, nuseller embriyolarla besin maddesi ve gelişim alanı için yarışmakzorundadır ve nuseller embriyolar, zigotik embriyoların gelişimini baskılamaktadır. Embriyo kurtarmatekniği, kontrollü melezlemeler ve somatik melezlemelerde bu sorunun çözümü için gerekli ve yararlı birmetottur. Bu tekniğin başarısını; embriyo gelişim aşaması, kültür ortamının bileşimi, embriyo alım tekniğive genotip etkilemektedir. In vitro yöntemler ve moleküler tekniklerdeki yeni gelişmeler ve bunların ıslahprogramlarında kullanımının yaygınlaşması turunçgillerde yeni çeşitlerin elde edilmesine olanaksağlayacaktır.

CITRUS BREEDING: EMBRYO CULTURE STUDIES

In this study, it was evaluated important factors for conventional breeding techniques (selection, hybridization artificial mutation) and biotechnological methods (ploidy breeding, isoenzyme analysis, molecular techniques, genetic transformation, somatic hybridization and especially embryo culture) in citrus breeding. Conventional citrus breeding is laborious, costly and time-consuming due to incompatibility, heterozygous, apomixis, polyembryony and prolonged juvenility. It is important to choose suitable parents and suitable techniques to achieve the goal in breeding studies whether traditional or modern techniques. Obtained knowledge about the genetic relationships between parents and the inheritance of the targeted characters is important for the manipulated of breeding studies and achievement in a shorter time. Hybridization breeding is the basis of developing cultivars in citrus, although the obtained of new hybrid genotypes is limited because of polyembryony. The zygotic embryo must compete with the nuceller embryos for nutrient and growth area in polyembryonic citrus cultivars and the nuceller embryos suppress the development of the zygotic embryos. Embryo rescue technique is a necessary and useful method for solving this problem in controlled hybridization and somatic hybridization. The success of this technique is affected by the embryo development stage, composition of the culture medium, embryo excise technique and genotype. New developments in in vitro methods and molecular techniques and the widespread use of these in breeding programs will provide an opportunity breeding new cultivars in Citrus.

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