NOHUT GEVENİNDE (Astragalus cicer) SERT TOHUMLUĞUN AZALTILMASI İÇİN ÇEŞİTLİ TOHUM KABUĞU İNCELTME METOTLARI

Nohut geveni uzun ömürlü, soğuğa dirençli, hayvanlarda şişkinlik yapmayan bir baklagil yem bitkisidir. Baklagil yem bitkilerinin tesis edilmesi çok zordur. Baklagil yem bitkilerinin başarılı bir şekilde tesis edilmesinde en önemli kısıtlamalardan biri sert tohumluktur. Bu özellik bitki fidelerinin çıkışını engeller ve geciktirir. Zayıf bitki gelişimi ve düşük yabancı ot rekabeti sağlar, bunun yanında düşük verim ve düşük ot kalitesine neden olur. Bu nedenle bitki türlerinin sert tohumluk oranlarının belirlenmesi ve bilinmesi ekilecek tohum miktarı, uniform çıkış ve uygun tesis yönünden önemlidir. Bu oranın tespit edilmesi için farklı yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, nohut geveninde çeşitli tohum kabuğu inceltme yöntemlerinin sert tohumluk üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu test 2018 yılında Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Çayır Mera ve Yem Bitkileri Bölümünde Lutana çeşidinde tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yapılmıştır. Uygulamalar aşağıdaki gibi sayılmaktadır; uygulama 1 (sıcak 1), uygulama 2 (sıcak 2), uygulama 3 (donma-çözülme), uygulama 4 (mekanik yöntem), uygulama 5 (sıcak 1 + mekanik yöntem), uygulama 6 (sıcak 2 + mekanik yöntem), uygulama 7 (donma-çözülme + mekanik yöntem) ve uygulama 8 (kontrol). Çalışma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, tohum çimlenme oranı için uygulama 3 (%57.2) ve uygulama 7 (%61.6) olumsuz yönde etkilenmiş ve tohum çimlenme oranının kontrole (%81.7) kıyasla önemli ölçüde azalmasına neden olmuştur. Diğer 5 uygulama, tohum çimlenme oranı üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye neden olmuş ve bunun artmasına yol açmıştır. En yüksek çimlenme oranı 1. uygulamadan (%97.0) elde edilmiştir ve bundan sonra 6. uygulama (%90.0) bunu takip etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, nohut geveninde sert tohumluk etkisini azaltmak için mekanik yöntem ve sıcak uygulamaları veya her ikisinin kombinasyonları önerilebilir.

VARIOUS SCARIFICATION METHODS FOR REDUCING OF HARD SEED IN CICER MILKVETCH (Astragalus cicer)

Cicer Milkvetch is a legume forage crop having long life- perennial, resistance to cold, non-bloat for animals. The establishment of legume forage crops is very difficult. One of the major constraints in successful stand establishment of forage legumes is hard seed. This trait inhibits and delays the emergence of plant seedling. It leads poor plant growth and low weed competition moreover it causes low yield and poor quality of herbage. For this reason, detecting and knowing of hard seed rates of plant species for sowing rate, uniform emergence and perfect stand establishment are significant. Various methods are used for identifying this rate. In this study, the effects of various scarification methods on hard seed in Cicer Milkvetch were investigated. This test in completely randomized plot design in Lutana variety with four replications was conducted in the department of forage crops and meadow-rangeland in the Central Research Institute for Field Crops in 2018. Treatments are counted following as treatment 1 (heat 1), treatment 2 (heat 2), treatment 3 (freeze-thaw), treatment 4 (mechanical method), treatment 5 (heat 1 + mechanical method), treatment 6 (heat 2 + mechanical method), treatment 7 (freeze-thaw + mechanical method) and treatment 8 (control). When evaluated study results, treatment 3 (57.2%) and treatment 7 (61.6%) negatively effected for seed germination rate and caused a significant decrease in seed germination rate compared to control (81.7%). Other 5 treatments reasoned positively effect on germination seed rate and led an increase in that. The highest germination rate was obtained from treatment 1 (97.0%) and after that treatment 6 (90.0%) was followed it. As a result, mechanical method and heat treatment or combinations of both may be advised to reduce hard seed impact in Cicer Milkvetch.

PDF

___

1. Acharya, S.N., Kastelic, J.P., Beauchemin, K.A., Messenger, D.F., 2006. A review of research progress on cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 86:49-62.
2. Albrecht, M.A., Penzagos, J.C.Z., 2012. Seed germination ecology of three imperiled plants of rock outcrops in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 139(1):86-95. (doi:10.3159/torrey-d-11-0006 6.1).
3. Austin, R.D., 1969. Evaluations on germination procedure, mechanical scarification and environmental variation on germination of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) seed.
4. Baldridge, D.E., R.G. Lohmiller, eds. 1990. Montana interagency plant materials handbook. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 337p.
5. Busse, W.F., 1930. Effect of low temperatures on germination of impermeable seeds. Bot. Gazette, 89:169-179.
6. Can, E., Çeliktaş, N., Hatipoğlu, R., Avcı, S., 2009. Breaking seed dormancy of some annual medicago and trifolium species by different treatments. Turk. J. Crops 14(2):72-78.
7. Chou, Y.F., Cox, R.D., Wester, D.B., 2012. Smoke water and heat shock influence germination of shortgrass prairie species. Rangeland Ecology & Management 65(3): 260-267 (doi:10.2111/rem-d-11-00093.1).
8. Dittus, D.A., Muir, J.P., 2010. Breaking germination dormancy of Texas native perennial herbaceous legumes. Native Plants 11:5-10.
9. Dixon, H.H., 1901. Vitality of seeds. Nature 64:256-257.
10. Graham, P.H., Vance, C.P., 2003. Legumes: Importance and constraints to greather utilization. Plant Physiol. 131:872-877. 11. Harrington, G.T., 1916. Agricultural value of impermeable seeds. J. Agric. Res., 6: 761-796.
12. Isivand, H.R., Arefi, H.M., Afshari, R.T., 2006. The investigation of seed germination and breaking dormancy in Astragalus siliquosus. Iranian Jour. Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 13:84-67. (In Persian).
13. Islam, M.A., Kimura, E., 2010. Enhancing establishment of forage legumes through seed scarification and use of cover crop. Reflections, pp:38-4.
14. Kaplan, L., Lynch, T.F., 1999. Phaseolus (fabaceae) in archaeology: AMS radiocarbon dates and their significance for pre-Colombian agriculture. Econ. Bot. 53:261-272.
15. Kimura, E., Islam, M.A., 2012. Seed scarification methods and their use in forage legumes. Res. J. Seed Sci. 5(2):38-50.
16. Long, Y., Tan D.Y., Baskin C.C., Baskin J.M., 2012. Seed dormancy and germination characteristics of Astragalus arpilobus (Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae), a central Asian desert annual ephemeral. S. Afr. J. Bot. 83:68-77.
17. Miklas, P.N., Townsend, C.E., Ladd, S.I., 1987. Seed coat anatomy and the scarification of cicer milkvetch. Crop Science 27(4):766-772 (doi:10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183x0027 00040032x).
18. Miller, D.A., Hoveland, C.S., 1995. Other temperate legumes. Forages, The Science of Grassland Agriculture, Edi: Barnes R.F., Miller, D.A. and Nelson C.J., 1:273-281.
19. Rincker, C.M., 1954. Effect of heat on impermeable seeds of alfalfa, sweet clover and red clover. Agron. J. 46:247-250.
20. Rutar, R., Stjepanovic, M., Popovic, S., Bukvic, Z., Pacek, D., 2001. Effect of temperature on germination and hard alfalfa seed. CIHEAM 2:137-139.
21. Smoliak, S., Hanna, M.R., 1977. Seedling competition some forage legumes mono and mixed culture under greenhouse conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 57:897-903.
22. Statwick, J.M., 2016. Germination pretreatments to break hard-seed dormancy in Astragalus cicer L. (Fabaceae). Peer J. 4: e2621; (doi: 10.7717/peerj.2621).
23. Townsend, C.E., McGinnies, W.J., 1972. Temperature requirements for seed germination of several forage legumes. Agronomy Journal 64(6):809-812.
24. Zarekia, A., Jafari, A., Zandi Esfahan, E., Fallah Hosseini, L., 2013. Study on germination of some perennial herbaceous Astragalus. Iranian Jour. Range and Desert Research. 20(1):88-100. (In Persian).
25. Zarekia, S., Jafari, A.A., Esfahan, E.Z., 2014. Effects of seed scarification on vegetation parameters in some Astragalus species under field conditions (Case Study: Homand Absard, Damavand, Iran). Journal of Rangeland Science 4(2):151-158.