Fiziksel-Sözel Şiddet Davranışı ve Dürtüsellik Arasında Öfkenin Aracılık Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Şiddet davranışı, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve hukuki/adli boyutlarıyla önemli bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırma, şiddet davranışının ortaya çıkmasında etkili olduğu düşünülen kavramlar arasındaki ilişkiye bakıp önlenmesine yönelik çalışmalara katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, 285’i kadın ve 285’i erkek, toplam 570 gönüllü yetişkin ile yürütülmüştür. Katılımcılara, öfke düzeyini ölçmek için 34 maddelik, 4’lü likert tipi Sürekli Öfke-Öfke Tarzı Ölçeği (SÖÖTÖ), dürtüselliği ölçmek için 45 maddelik 4’lü likert tipi UPPS Dürtüsel Davranış Ölçeği (UPPS), 18 yaş öncesi ve sonrasında gösterdikleri fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışlarını ölçmek için araştırmacının geliştirdiği 28 maddelik anket ve demografik bilgilere ulaşmak için 10 maddelik Demografik Anket uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 32,7 ± 9,15’dir. Erkekler kadınlara göre 18 yaş öncesi ve sonrası daha fazla fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışı göstermektedir. “Sürekli öfke”, “öfke dışa vurumu” ve “öfke içe vurumu” puanları yüksek olanlarda fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışı gösterme arasında pozitif anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Öfke kontrolü puanları ile fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışı gösterme arasında anlamlı negatif ilişki vardır. Dürtüsellik alt ölçeklerinden heyecan arama ve sıkışıklık puanları ile fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışı gösterme arasında yüksek anlamlı pozitif ilişki vardır. AMOS Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi analizine göre, dürtüsellik öfkeyi tetiklemekte, öfke de fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışını etkilemektedir. Öfkenin dürtüsellik ile fiziksel-sözel şiddet davranışı arasında yarı aracılık etkisi gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. 

___

  • Anderson, J.C., Gerbing, D.W. (1988) Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3):411-423, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.540.4887&rep=rep1&type=pdf (30.07.2018). Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world setting: A metaanalytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291–322. https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/54db/f01139a9f1974e70ac30fcb42dad2350744d.pdf (30.07.2018). Bagozzi, R.P., Phillips, L.W. (1982), Representing and Testing Organizational Theories: A Holistic Constral, Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3):459-489 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Bagozzi/ publication/268395514_Representing_and_Testing_Organizational_ Theories_A_Holistic_Construal/links/57c8650e08aefc4af34ec6e6/ Representing-and-Testing-Organizational-Theories-A-Holistic-Construal. pdf (30.07.2018). Baker, M.T., Van Hasselt, V.B., Sellers, A.H (2008), Validation of the Novaco Anger Scale in an Incarcerated Offender Population, Criminal Justice and Behavior 35: 741. http://cjb.sagepub.com/content/35/6/741. full.pdf+html (18.04.2014).Bellman, S.B. (2012), I Would Rather Be Happy Than Right: Consumer Impulsivity, Risky Decision Making, and Accountability, PhD Thesis, The University of Iowa, http:// search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/1030282472/ fulltextPDF/1F9F66CAC49B40C6PQ/4?accountid=11637 (23.01.2014). Berkowitz, L. (1989) Frustration-Agression Hypothesis: Examination and Reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73. Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P . (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459. https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/c14f/74257e5eb8323bed87148b98163f1162726e.pdf (30.07.2018). Chapple, C.L., Johnson, K.A. (2007) Gender Differences in Impulsivity. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5: 221 http://yvj.sagepub.com/ content/5/3/221 (11.02.2013). Corey, G. (2008) Psikolojik Danışma, Psikoterapi Kuram ve Uygulamaları, Ankara: 7. Baskı, Mentis Yayıncılık. Cross, C.P., Copping, L.T., Campbell, A. (2011) Sex differences in impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137:97-130. http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/2161/1/ Cross2011PsychBullSexDifferences_WithAppendix1.pdf (10.04.2014). Cyders, M.A. (2011) Impulsivity and the Sexes: Measurement and Structural Invariance of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Assessment 20(1):8697. http://asm.sagepub.com/content/20/1/86.full.pdf+html (10.05.2014) Dalgleish, T. (2005) The Emotional Brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2005. 5:582-588 http://people.uncw.edu/tothj/PSY595/Dalgleish-The%20 Emotional%20Brain-NRN-2004.pdf (03.01.2014) Dalgleish, T., Dunn, B.D., Mobbs, D. (2009), Affective Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future, Emotion Review, Vol. 1, No. 4 :355–368. https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/3dbe/3d2217c4cf388fd7cca6054e04e05bb54f06. pdf?_ga=2.30058687.1225805460.15329848791630349785.1532631991 (18.04.2014).Deffenbacher, J.L., Oetting E.R., DiGiuseppe R.A. (2002),Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions Applied to Anger Management The Counseling Psychologist (30): 262. http://tcp.sagepub.com/ content/30/2/262.full.pdf+html (18.04.2014). Digiuseppe, R., Tafrate, R.C. (2001) A Comprehensive Treatment Model for Anger Disorders, Psychotherapy 38(3) http://bursar.ccsu.edu/uploaded/ departments/AcademicDepartments/Criminology__criminal_justice/ Tafrate/Comprehensive_model.pdf (5.05.2013). Dilbaz, N. (1999) Şiddet Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Saldırgan Hastaya Yaklaşım, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, http://www.klinikpsikiyatri.org/files/ journals/1/42.pdf (22.03.2013). Edwards, J.K. (2006) Predicting Violence With Hostility And Impulsivity: A Moderational Approach, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. Evenden, J. (1999) Impulsivity: A Discussion of Clinical and Experimental Findings, Journal of Psychopharmacology 13(2): 180-192 https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475725. (05.12.2012). Felson, R.B. (1996) Big People Hit Little People: Sex Differences in Physical Power and Interpersonal Violence, Criminology, 34: 433-452. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01214.x/ abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false (11.02.2013). Gazda, G. M. (1995) Human Relations Development, Boston: Simon and Schuster Company. Gölge, Z.B., Yavuz, M.F. (2007) Cinsel Saldırı Olgularının Suç Motivasyonun Göre Sınıflandırılması, Adli Tıp Dergisi, 21(2): 11-19. http://www.journalagent.com/z4/vi.asp?pdir=adlitıp&plng=tur&un=ADL ITIP-36844&look4=#.Uy6fUreKD4Y (03.04.2013). Gustavson, N.A., (2009) The Relationships Among Anger Treatment Readiness and Coping Skills, Forgiveness and Locus of Control, Hofstra University. http://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/304895209/ fulltextPDF/36553B77544B4B65PQ/1?accountid=11637 (05.12.2012).Güleç, H.,Topaloğlu, M., Ünsal, D., Altıntaş, M. (2012) Bir Kısır Döngü Olarak Şiddet, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(1):112-137. http:// dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/115096 (17.01.2014). Gümüş, A. (2006) Şiddet Türleri, Toplumsal Bir Sorun Olarak Şiddet Sempozyumu, Ankara: Eğitim Sen Yayınları: s.13-38. http://scholar.google. com.tr/scholar?hl=tr&q=%C5%9Fiddet+t%C3%BCrleri&btnG=&lr= (04.04.2013). Güzel Özdemir, P., Selvi, Y., Aydın, A. (2012) Dürtüsellik ve Tedavisi, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 4(3):293-314 http://www.cappsy.org/archives/vol4/no3/cap_04_18.pdf (05.12.2012). Hariri, A.G. (2009) Psikiyatrideki Şiddet Hakkında Herşey: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal, 3(1-2):21-31. http:// www.rchpjournal.com/rchpdergi/RCHP_NO_6_sayi_1_2_tr_2009. pdf#page=23 (23.03.2013). Harris, M.B., Knight-Bohnhoff, K. (1996) Gender and Aggression I: Perceptions of Aggression. Sex Roles, 35:(1-2), http://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/BF01548172 (11.04.2014) Howells, K., Day, A., Williamson, P., Bubner, S., Jauncey, S., Parker, A., Heseltine, K. (2005) Brief Anger Management Programs With Offenders: Outcomes and Predictors of Change. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology; 16(2): 296 – 311 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.484.1928&rep=rep1&type=pdf (30.07.2018) James, M., Seager, J.A. (2006) Impulsivity and Schemas for a Hostile World : Postdictors of Violent Behaviour, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50:47, http://ijo.sagepub.com/ content/50/1/47 03.04.2013. Kaya, M. ve ark. (2004) Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Boyun Eğici Davranışlar ve Şiddetle İlişkisi, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 5:5-10, http://lokman.cu.edu.tr/psikiyatri/derindex/apd/fulltext/2004/5.pdf (04.04.2013).Kayatekin, Z.E., Maner, F., Abay, E., Saygılı, S., Şener A.İ. (1991) Ruh Hastalarında Homisidal Saldırganlık, Düşünen Adam, 4(1):22-27 http://www.dusunenadamderg.com/tr/DergiPdf/DUSUNEN_ADAM_ DERGİSİ_7c8e0931c07a4363aa1d8afd5f12e252.pdf (11.04.2014). Kızmaz, Z. (2006) Şiddetin Sosyo-Kültürel Kaynakları Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2):247-267, http://web.firat.edu.tr/sosyalbil/dergi/arsiv/cilt16/sayi2/247-267.pdf (11.04.2014). Komarovskaya, I., Booker, A., Warren, L., Warren, J. (2007) The Role of Impulsivity in Antisocial and Violent Behavior and Personality Disorders Among Incarcerated Women, Criminal Justice and Behavior 34: 14-99 http:// ce-classes.com/exam_format/95b1a6928ed783f5c3bd27ecdfc6e002.pdf (05.12.2012). Körükçü, Ö., Öztunalı Kayır, G., Kukulu, K. (2012) Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Sonlanmasında Erkek İşbirliği, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(3):396-413 http://www.scopemed.org/fulltextpdf.php?mno=17887 (11.04.2014). Lazarus, R.S. (1991) Emotion&Adaptation, Oxford: Oxford University Press Lengel, G.J., Impulsivity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Examining The Role of Affect Manipulation, Oklahoma State University, Master Thesis, 2013 https://slideheaven.com/impulsivity-and-nonsuicidal-self-injuryexamining-the-role-of-affect-manipulatio.html (23.01.2014). Lerner, H. (1996) Öfke Dansı, Çev: S. Gül, İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları. Lindqvist, K.J. (2005) Hot Spur or Tranquil?: The adaptation of pschometric anger assessment instruments and their evaliation and application on violent and nonviolent samples in Sweden, http://scholar.google.com. trscholar?hl=tr&q=Lindqvist+K+J%2C+Daderman+M+A+and+Hellstr% C3%B6m+A.+Internal+reliability+and+construct&btnG=&lr=# erişim tarihi: 10.05.2013.Lindqvist, K.J., Daderman M.A.,Hellström, A. (2005) Internal Reliability and Construct Validity of the Novaco Anger Scale-1998-S in a Sample of Violent Prison Inmates in Sweden. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(2): 223-237 http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record. jsf?pid=diva2%3A193704&dswid=5649 (10.02.2013). Logan, G.D., Schachar, RJ., Tannock, R. (1997) Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control, Psychological Science, 8: 60, http://pss.sagepub.com/ erişim tarihi: 05.12.2012. Lundeberg, K., Stith, S.M., Penn, C.E., Ward, D.B. (2004) A Comparison of Nonviolent, Psychologically Violent, and Physically Violent Male College Daters, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19:1191, https://krex.k-state. edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/14834/Stith+JInterpersViol+2004. pdf?sequence=3 (05.12.2012). McDermott, R. (2002) Recent Advances in Neuroscience and Their Implications for Political Science: Toward a Theory of Emotional Rationality 1 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.202.295&rep=rep1&type=pdf (30.03.2014). Miller, JD., Zeichner,A., Wilson, LF. (2012) Personality Correlates of Aggression: Evidence From Measures of the Five-Factor Model, UPPS Model of Impulsivity, and BIS/BAS, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(14) 2903-2919 http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/27/14/2903.full. pdf+html (05.12.2012) Mills, F.J., Kroner,G.D. (2003)A nger as a Predictor of Institutional Misconduct and Recidivism in a Sample of Violent Offenders, Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 18(3), 282-294 https://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?hl=tr&as_ sdt=0%2C5&q=Anger+as+a+Predictor+of+Institutional+Misconduct+and +Recidivism+in+a+Sample+of+Violent+Offenders%2C+&btnG= (19.03.2013).Novaco, R. W (1976). The function and regulation of the arousal of anger. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133,1124-1128. https://www.researchgate. net/profile/Raymond_Novaco/publication/22361669_The_function_and_ regulation_of_the_arousal_of_anger/links/55ca9e6908aeb975674a5299/ The-function-and-regulation-of-the-arousal-of-anger.pdf (30.07.2018). Novaco, R. W. (1994). Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In J. Monahan and H. J. Steadman (Eds.). Violence and mental disorder Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://books.google.com. tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=v4oSb2Na4nQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq= (Novaco,+1994)&ots=iP0IS6Fc2V&sig= uEJZ7V48lPng2oYp5HP08uVJ6sw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q= subjective&f=false (30.07.2018). Öner, Ö. ve ark. (2013) Ergenlerin Bildirdiği Dürtüsellik Belirtileri ve Ruhsal Sorunlar: Epidemiyolojik Bir Çalışma, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(1):35-43 http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/PDF/C24S1/05htrmg99.pdf, (19.03.2013). Özer, A., Özer, S. (2012) Durumsal-Sürekli Depresyon Ölçeği›nin Birleşen, Yapı ve Zamandaş Geçerliği, Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/99933, (3.5.2013). Özer, A.K. (1994) Sürekli Öfke (SL-Öfke) ve Öfke İfadesi Tarzı (ÖfkeTarz) Ölçekleri Ön Çalışması, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31):26-35. Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., Baysan Arabacı L. (2011) Lise Öğrencilerinin Şiddet Algıları, Şiddet Eğilim Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler, Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(2): 53-60 http://www.journalagent.com/phd/pdfs/ PHD_2_2_53_60.pdf, (03. 04. 2013). Pahlen, B., Lindman, R., Sarkola, T., Makisalo, H., Eriksson, P., C.J., (2002), An exploratory study on self‐evaluated aggression and androgens in women, Aggressive Behavior, 28(4):273-282, https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ab.80005 (30.07.2018).Parrott, D.J., Zeichner, A. (2008) Determinants of Anger and Physical Aggression Based on Sexual Orientation: An Experimental Examination of Hypermasculinity and Exposure to Male Gender Role Violations, Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 37:891-901 https://www.researchgate. net/publication/232508108_Effects_of_Sexual_Prejudice_and_Anger_ on_Physical_Aggression_Toward_Gay_and_Heterosexual_Men, (17.01.2014). Patton , J.H., Stanford, M.S., Barratt, E.S. (1995) Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51:768-774 http://homepages.se.edu/cvonbergen/files/2013/01/Factor-Structure-ofthe-Barratt-Impulsiveness-Scale.pdf, (10. 05. 2014). Potegal M., Stemmler, G., Spielberger, C. (Eds.) (2010) International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological and Social Processes, Springer Books http://books.google.com.tr/ books?id=Szbbn8AwEXQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=handbook+of+ anger&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=_odjU9SHO7PG7Ab7wYH4CA&redir_esc=y#v = onepage&q= handbook%20of%20anger&f=false (30.07.2018) Ramirez,J.M., Andreu, J.M. (2006) Aggression and Some Related Psychological Constructs (Anger, Hostility, and Impulsivity); some comments from a research Project, Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, http://eprints.ucm.es/8425/2/Aggression_JMR_revised-1. pdf?origin=publication_detail (11.02.2013) Soysal, A.Ş., Can, H., Kılıç, K.B. (2009) Üniversite Öğrencilerinde A Tipi Davranış Örüntüsü ile Öfke İfadesi Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi ve Cinsiyetler Açısından Karşılaştırılması, Klinik Psikiyatri;12:61-67 https:// www.journalagent.com/kpd/pdfs/KPD_12_2_61_67.pdf, (11.03.2013). Steadman, H.J., Silver, E., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P.S., Robbins, P.C., Mulvey, E.P., Grisso, T., Roth, L.H., Banks, S. (2000) A Classification Tree Approach to the Development of Actuarial Violence Risk Assessment Tools, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 1 http://cda.psych.uiuc.edu/ statistical_learning_course/macarthur_articles/steadman_classification_ tree.pdf (14.03.2013).Swogger, M.T., Walsh, Z., Kosson, D.S. (2007) Domestic Violence and Psychopathic Traits:Distinguishing the Antisocial Batterer from Other Antisocial Offenders, Aggressive Behaviour Vol.33:1-8 https:// www.researchgate.net/profile/Marc_Swogger/publication/6383332_ Domestic_violence_and_psychopathic_traits_Distinguishing_ the_antisocial_batterer_from_other_antisocial_offenders/ links/59f4d2e6a6fdcc075ec4b933/Domestic-violence-and-psychopathictraits-Distinguishing-the-antisocial-batterer-from-other-antisocialoffenders.pdf, (03.04.2014). Taylor, J.L., Novaco, R.W. (2005) Anger Treatment for People with Developmental Disabilities: A Theory , Evidence and Manuel Based Approach, Wiley & Sons, Incorporaated, John. s. 4 http://books.google.com. tr/books?id=mJudujdTZPQC&pg=PA247&dq=Treatment+of+anger+and +aggression+novaco&hl=tr&sa=X&ei= 4sJjU8GqJK7B7Aac04DIAw&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q= Treatment%20of%20anger%20and%20aggression%20novaco&f=false (14.03.2013) kitap sayfasını metin içine taşı Tekin, Ü. (2011) Şiddet, Ankara: Orient Yayınları. Vahip, I., Doğanavşargil, Ö. (2006) Aile İçi Fiziksel Şiddet ve Kadın Hastalarımız,Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(2):107-114, http://www. turkpsikiyatri.com/c17s2/aileici.pdf , (5.04.2013). Wang, E.W., Diamond, P.M. (1999) Empirically Identifying Factors Related to Violence Risk in Corrections, Behavioral Sciences and the Law ,17: 377±389 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0798%28199907/09%2917%3A3%3C37 7%3A%3AAID-BSL351%3E3.0.CO%3B2-M (30.07.2018). Whiteside, S.P., Lynam, D.R. (2001) The Five Factor Model and İmpulsivity: Using a Structural Model of Personality to Understand İmpulsivity, Personality and Individual Differences, 30 669-689, http:// www.subjectpool.com/ed_teach/y4person/2_facets/refs/Lynam_2001_ impulsivity_as_NEO_facets.pdf (21.04.2013).Whiteside S.P., Lynam D.R., Miller J.D., Reynolds S.K. Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale: A four-factor model of impulsivity. European Journal of Personality. 2005;19(7):559–574. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227644127_Validation_of_the_ UPPS_impulsive_behavior_scale_A_four-factor_model_of_impulsivity (23.01.2014). World report on violence and health, WHO, Geneva http://www.who.int/ violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf 30.07.2018. Wilkowski, B.M. (2012) Responding to Social Signals for Response Inhibition : A Psychological Process Underlying Trait Anger, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3:72, http://citeseerx.ist.psu. edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.913.6963&rep=rep1&type=pdf (29.07.2018). Wilkowski, B.M., Robinson M.D. (2008) The Cognitive Basis of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression: An Integrative Analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 12:3 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.1011.8202&rep=rep1&type=pdf, (14.03.2013). Yargıç, İ., Ersoy, E., Batmaz Oflaz, S. (2011) UPPS Dürtüsel Davranış Ölçeği ile Psikiyatri Hastalarında Dürtüselliğin Ölçümü, Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 21(2):139-46, http://www.psikofarmakoloji.org/pdf/21_2_8.pdf (17.12.2012). Yavuz, M.F., Dalkanat, N., Gölge, Z.B., Müderrisoğlu, S. (2006) Eşcinsel Erkeklere Yönelik Fiziksel Şiddetin Değerlendirilmesi, Adli Tıp Dergisi, 20(2): 15-21 http://www.journalagent.com/adlitip/pdfs/ ADLITIP_20_2_15_21.pdf (14.03.2013). Yavuzer, Y., Karataş, Z. (2013) Ergenlerde Otomatik Düşünceler ile Fiziksel Saldırganlık Arasındaki İlişkide Öfkenin Aracı Rolü, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(2): 117-123 http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/default. aspx?modul=turkceOzet&gFPrkMakale=890, (20.04.2014).