Sütçü Manda Irklarının Performans ve Verimliliğini EtkileyenFaktörler ve Türkiye’deki Geleceği

Manda başta Asya ülkeleri olmak üzere Dünya’da yetiştiriciliği yapılan önemli çiftlik hayvanlarından birisidir ve inekten sonra sütüretimine olan katkısı ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Mandalar bataklık ve nehir mandası olarak iki ana gruba ayrılmaktadır. Nehirmandaları iri yapılı ve süt üretimi amacıyla yetiştirilirken bataklık mandaları daha küçük yapılı ve yük taşıma amacıyla kullanılmaktadır.Dünya’da 72 çeşit manda ırkı vardır ve bunların 57’si Asya’da bulunmakta ve bunlar içerisinde süt üretimi için yetiştiriciliği yapılan 22manda ırkı vardır. Manda ırkları arasında en yüksek süt verimi ile ilk sırada Akdeniz mandaları (900-4000 kg/laktasyon) ve bu ırkıMehsana ve Jafarabadi ırkları (1800-2700 kg/laktasyon) takip etmektedir. Türkiye’de yetiştirilen Anadolu mandaları süt verimözellikleri (1000 kg/yıl) bakımından diğer manda ırklarına göre gerilerde yer almaktadır. Mandaların diğer ruminant hayvanlara göredüşük kaliteli meralardan ve kötü kaliteli kaba yemlerden yararlanma kabiliyetleri sığırlardan ve koyunlardan daha iyidir. Türkiye’demandalardan elde edilen gelirin ana unsuru manda sütü ve süt ürünleridir. Manda kaymağı ve yoğurduna olan talebin fazla oluşu nedeniyle manda sütü sığır sütüne göre daha yüksek bir fiyatla satılmaktadır. Dünya’da manda yetiştiriciliği daha çok ekstansif şartlardayapılmakta ve modern olmayan barınaklarda barındırılmaktadır. Bakım ve besleme şartlarındaki olumsuzluklar nedeniyle süt ve dölverimleri ineklere göre düşüktür. Ancak, İtalya’da olduğu gibi ıslah ve iyi bakım ve besleme şartlarında verimlerinin yükseldiği ve eldeedilen kar arttığını gösteren kayıtlar mevcuttur. Aynı zamanda, manda malakları da olumsuz şartlarda bakım ve beslemeye maruz kaldığından büyüme oranları düşük ve ölüm oranları yüksek olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bazı sütçü mandalar ile Anadolu mandalarınınperformans ve verim özellikleri incelenmiş ve Türkiye Manda üretiminin geliştirilmesinde katkı sağlayabilecek bazı tavsiyelerdebulunulmuştur.

Factors Affecting the Performance and Productivity of Dairy Buffalo Breeds and Future Perspective in Turkey

Water buffalo is one of the important farm animals that are grown especially in Asian countries and its contribution to milk productionis in the second after cows in the world. Buffaloes are divided into two main groups as swamp and river buffalo. River buffaloes arelarge size and bred for milk production, while swamp buffaloes are smaller size and used for draught animals. There are 72 types ofbuffalo breeds in the world, 57 of which are in the Asia, and there are 22 buffalo breeds that are bred for milk production. Themediterranean buffaloes (900-4000 kg/lactation) are in the first breed with the highest milk yield among buffalo breeds, followed byMehsana and Jafarabadi breeds (1800-2700 kg/lactation). The Anatolian buffaloes raised in Turkey are lower milk yield (1000 kg/year)than other buffalo breeds. Compared to other ruminant animals, the ability of buffaloes to benefit from poor quality pastures and low quality roughages are better than cattle and sheeps. The main element of income from buffaloes in Turkey is buffalo milk and dairyproducts. Due to the high demand for buffalo kaymak and yoghurt, buffalo milk is sold at a higher price than cow's milk. In the world,water buffalo breeding is mostly carried out in extensive conditions and housed in non-modern shelters. Due to the adverse conditionsin the care and feeding, milk and progeny yields are lower than cows. However, in Italy, there are records showing increased yields andincreased profits under good care and feeding conditions. At the same time, since buffalo calves are exposed to care and feeding underunsuitable conditions, their growth rates are low and mortality rates are high. In this study, performance and yield characteristics ofsome dairy buffaloes and Anatolian buffaloes were examined and some recommendations were made that could contribute to developof Turkish buffalo production.

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