MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE FRANSA'NIN ÇUKUROVA STRATEJİSİ
18. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra İngiltere, Rusya ve Avusturya gibi devletlerin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerindeki emperyalist politikaları, Fransa’nın da Kuzey Afrika ve Doğu Akdeniz stratejisi üzerinde önemli değişimlere neden olmuştur. Yüzyılın sonuna kadar Osmanlı İmparatorluğu denge politikalarıyla dış siyasetini yürütmeye çalışsa da topraklarında ticari faaliyetler adı altında batılı devletlerin koloni oluşturmak maksadıyla nüfus sevkiyatının önüne geçememiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda kanunlaşma hareketleri olarak bilinen 1839 Tanzimat Fermanı ve 1856 Islahat fermanları ile kapitülasyonların verdiği ayrıcalıkları, Osmanlı topraklarında “Levanten (doğulu)” adı altında ticaretle uğraşan yeni bir batılı yerleşimci nüfusunun artmasına, ayrıca bu nüfusla birlikte bölgede açılan misyoner okulları ile de Suriye, Lübnan ve Ürdün bölgelerinde ayrılıkçı Arap nüfusu teşkilatlandırarak desteklemiştir. Osmanlı İmparatoru’nun Rusya karşısında 1878’de aldığı büyük yenilgi ve devamında Berlin Kongresi ile Fransa, Kuzey Afrika topraklarına (Cezayir, Fas, Tunus ve Mısır) göz dikmiş ve birer birer işgal etmişse de, İngiltere’nin doğu ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunan Mısır’dan üç yıl sonra çekilmek zorunda kalmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı ile Fransa’nın doğu stratejisi diğer iki müttefiki İngiltere ve Rusya arasında imzaladıkları Sykes-Picot Anlaşmasıyla belirginleşmiş; Fransa, Suriye ve Lübnan ile birlikte 1860’dan beri Fransız Levantenler için cazibe merkezi haline gelen, birçok sanayi ürününün hammadde deposu olan Çukurova üzerinde de kontrolü sağlama fırsatını ele geçirmişti. Batı ve Afrika sömürgelerinin çoğunu İngiltere’ye kaptıran Fransa endüstrisi için hayati öneme haiz bu bölgenin işgal edilmesi çok değerli bir kazanım olacaktı. Çalışmanın konusu; Fransa`nın doğu stratejisinin temelini oluşturan ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası İngiltere ile yapmış olduğu Suriye İttifaknamesi ile işgal ettiği Çukurova Bölgesi ile ilgili stratejisini analiz etmektir.
ÇUKUROVA STRATEGY OF FRANCE IN THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE PERİOD
After the second half of the 18th century; the imperialist policies of the states such as England, Russia and Austria on the Ottoman Empire, caused significant changes in France's strategy in North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. Although the Ottoman Empire tried to carry out its foreign policy with its balance policies until the end of the century, it couldn’t prevent the transfer of population to the western states in order to establish colonies under the name of commercial activities in its territory. The privileges granted by the capitulations with the 1839 Tanzimat and 1856 Islahat edicts, known as the enactment movements in the Ottoman Empire, increased the population of a new western settler dealing with trade under the name of "Levantine (eastern)" in the Ottoman lands. As well as the missionary schools opened in the region with this population, organized and supported by the separatist Arab population in Lebanon and Jordan. Despite the great defeat of the Ottoman Emperor against Russia in 1878 and the subsequent Berlin Congress, France set its sights on the North African lands (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt) and occupied them one by one. Although this occupation, France had to withdraw from Egypt, three years later, which was on the eastern trade route of England. By the First World War, France's eastern strategy became clear with the Sykes-Picot Agreement signed between two other allies, England and Russia. Along with Syria and Lebanon, France seized the opportunity to gain control over Çukurova, which has become a center of attraction for the French Levantines since 1860 and also the raw material warehouse of many industrial products. The occupation of this region, which was of vital importance for the French industry, which lost most of its Western and African colonies to England, would be a very valuable gain. The aim of this study is to analyze the strategy of the Çukurova Region, which was the basis of France's eastern strategy and also was occupied by the Syria Alliance with Britain after the First World War.
Keywords:
Cukurova, France, Occupation, Cilicia, Strategy,
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- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 1988
- Yayıncı: Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü