Tülay AKAYLI, Çiğdem ÜRKÜ, Sena Zeynep GÖKEN

Pathological aspects of experimental infection of Lactococcus garvieae in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Clinical, hematological, and histopathological parameters

This study, it was aimed to examine the clinical, hematological, and histopathological aspects of lactococcosis induced in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), which was experimentally infected with Lactococcus garvieae. For this purpose, the infection was induced intraperitoneally with L. garvieae strain (108 CFU/mL), and blood samples were collected from the infected fish on different days (6, 18, 26, 31, 36, 44, and 48th) of infection. The morphological structures, erythrocyte and leukocyte count, hematocrit value, sedimentation rate, and coagulation time of the blood cells in the collected samples were calculated. As a result of the infection, while there was a decrease in erythrocyte count, hematocrit value, and coagulation rate, in addition to changes in the morphological structure of blood cells, it was determined that there was a significant increase in the leukocyte count and sedimentation rate. Furthermore, histopathological examination was also performed in the organs of infected fish such as the brain, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, gill, and intestine. Histopathologically, in the infected sea bass, while hemorrhage, diffuse necrosis, and hyaline droplets were detected in the granular brain tissue, hyperemia and hemorrhage were noted in the liver and spleen, and widespread necrosis in the hematopoietic tissue of the kidney, in the gills intensive hyperplasia, an increase in the goblet cell were detected. Although there are studies on lactococcosis in various marine fish species around the world, the infection of L. garvieae in farmed sea bass and various parameters and pathological aspects were investigated in detail for the first time in this study. L. garvieae was determined to have clinical significance for European sea bass with a high economic value.

PDF

___

Aizpurúa, J., Esnault, F. (1999). Revista de Acuicultura Trouvit Informa. Invierno, 1, 21-23.
Alsaid, M., Abuseliana, A.F., Daud, H.H., Mustapha, N. M., Bejo, S.K., Abdelhadi, Y.M., Hamdan, R.H. (2014). Haematological, biochemical and clinical signs changes following experimental infection of Streptococcus agalactiae in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture Indonesiana, 15(2), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.21534/ai.v15i2.36
Austin, B., Austin, D.A. (2012). Bacterial fish pathogens (Vol. 481). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. p. 482. ISBN: 13: 978-9048175260 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4884-2
Avcı, H., Aydoğan, A., Tanrıkul, T.T., Birincioğlu, S.S. (2010). Pathological and microbiological investigations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) naturally infected with Lactococcus garvieae. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (Suppl-B), 313-318.
Avsever, M. L., Tanrıkul, T. T., Güroy, D., Metin, S., Hasan, A. H., Tunalıgil, S. (2014). Investigation of certain blood parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) naturally infected with Lactococcus garvieae. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 8(2), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.201415
Barham, W. T., Smit, G. L., Schoonbee, H. J. (1980). The haematological assessment of bacterial infection in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology, 17(3), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02761.x
Barnes, A., Guyat, C., Hansen, B., Horne, M., Ellis, A. (2002). Antibody increases phagocytosis and killing of Lactococcus garvieae by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages, Fish & Shellfish Immunology 12, 181-186. https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0372
Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W. (1973). Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5(6), 771-781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04510.x
Castro, R., Tafalla, C. (2015). Overview of fish immunity. In B. H. Beck & E. Peatman (Eds.), Mucosal Health in Aquaculture San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 3-54. ISBN: 978- 0-12-417186-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417186-2.00002-9
Chang, P.H., Lin, C.W., Lee, Y. C. (2002). Lactococcus garvieae infection of cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in Taiwan and associated biophysical characteristics and histopathology. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 22, 319-327.
Chen, S.C., Liaw, L.L., Su, H.Y., Ko, S.C., Wu, C.Y., Chaung, H.C., Chu, S.Y. (2002). Lactococcus garvieae, a cause of disease in grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L.; in Taiwan. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(12), 727-732. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00415.x
Chen, Y.E., Jin, S., Wang, G.L. (2005). Study on blood physiological and biochemical indices of Vibrio alginolyticus disease of Lateolabrax japonicas. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 24, 104-108.
Chen, C.Y., Wooster, G.A., Bowser, P.R. (2004). Comparative blood chemistry and histopathology of tilapia infected with Vibrio vulnificus or Streptococcus iniae or exposed to carbon tetrachloride, gentamicin, or copper sulfate. Aquaculture, 239(1-4), 421-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.033
Colorni, A., Ravelo, C., Romalde, J.L., Toranzo, A.E., Diamant, A. (2003). Lactococcus garvieae in wild Red Sea wrasse Coris aygula (Labridae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 56(3), 275-278. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao056275
Didinen, B.I., Yardimci, B., Onuk, E.E., Metin, S., Yildirim, P. (2014). Naturally Lactococcus garvieae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss Walbaum, 1792): New histopathological observations, phenotypic and molecular identification. Rev Med Vet-Toulouse, 165, 12-19.
Di Trapani, A.M., Sgroi, F., Testa, R., Tudisca, S. (2014). Economic comparison between offshore and inshore aquaculture production systems of European sea bass in Italy. Aquaculture, 434, 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.001
Duman, M., Buyukekiz, A.G., Saticioglu, I.B., Cengiz, M., Sahinturk, P., Altun, S. (2020). Epidemiology, genotypic diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Lactococcus garvieae in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(1), 1-18.
Eldar, A.A., Ghittino, C. (1999). Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: similar, but different diseases. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 36(3), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao036227
Fazio, F., Faggio, C., Marafioti, S., Torre, A., Sanfilippo, M., Piccione, G. (2012). Comparative study of haematological profile on Gobius niger in two different habitat sites: Faro Lake and Tyrrhenian Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53(1), 213-219.
Fazio, F. (2019). Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture, 500, 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.030
Gbore, F.A., Oginni, O., Adewole, A.M., Aladetan, J.O. (2006). The effect of transportation and handling stress on haematology and plasma biochemistry in fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. World Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(2), 208-212.
Goldenfarb, P.B., Bowyer, F.P., Hall, E., Brosious, E. (1971). Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determination. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/56.1.35
Itami, T., Kondo, M., Uozu, M., Suganuma, A., Abe, T., Nakagawa, A., Takahashi, Y. (1996). Enhancement of resistance against Enterococcus seriolicida infection in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck & Schlegel), by oral administration of peptidoglycan derived from Bifidobacterium thermophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 19(2), 185- 187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1996.tb00699.x
Kang, S.H., Shin, G.W., Shin, Y.S., Palaksha, K.J., Kim, Y.R., Yang, H.H., Jung, T.S. (2004). Experimental evaluation of pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Journal of Veterinary Science, 5(4), 387-390. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2004.5.4.387
Kawanishi, M., Kojima, A., Ishihara, K., Esaki, H., Kijima, M., Takahashi, T., Tamura, Y. (2005). Drug resistance and pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from cultured Seriola (yellowtail, amberjack and kingfish) in Japan. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 40(5), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2005.01690.x
Khosravi, M., Mohammadian, T., Tahmasebifard, M., Boroujeni, M. P. (2018). Correlation between C-reactive protein level, immunology, and hematology of Oncorhynchus mykissinfected with Lactococcus garvieae. Aquaculture International, 26(6), 1415-1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0295-6
Kobayashi, T., Ishitaka, Y., Imai, M., Kawaguchi, Y. (2004). Pathological studies on Lactococcus garvieae infection of cultured rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Aquaculture Science, 52(4), 359-364.
Kori-Siakpere, O., Ubogu, E.O. (2008). Sublethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias sp.(Osteichthyes: Clariidae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 2068-2073. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB07.706
Lee, D.C., Lee, J.I., Park, C.I., Park, S.I. (2001). The study on the causal agent of Streptococcicosis (Lactococcus garvieae), isolated from cultured marine fishes. Journal of Fish Pathology, 14(2), 71-80.
Lee, J.Y., Hyun, M., Kim, H.A., Ryu, S.Y. (2021). Infectious spondylitis and septicemia due to Lactococcus garvieae: A literature review of non-endocarditis cases. Infection & Chemotherapy, 53(1), e63. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2019.0015
Magnadóttir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 20(2), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006
Martins, M.L., Mouriño, J.L.P., Amaral, G.V., Vieira, F.N., Dotta, G., Jatobá, A.M.B., Buglione-Neto, C.C. (2008). Haematological changes in Nile tilapia experimentally infected with Enterococcus sp. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 68(3), 657-661. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000300025
Murachi, S. (1959). Haemoglobin content, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and haematocrit of the blood in the young of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, 2, 241-247.
Muzquiz, J.L., Royo, F.M., Ortega, C., De Blas, I., Ruiz, I., Alonso, J.L. (1999). Pathogenicity of streptococcosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): dependence on age of diseased fish. Bulletin-European Association of Fish Pathologists, 19, 114-119.
Natt, M.P., Herrick, C.A. (1952). A new blood diluent for counting the erythrocytes and leucocytes of the chicken. Poultry Science, 31(4), 735-738. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0310735
Ortega, C., Irgang, R., Valladares-Carranza, B., Collarte, C., Avendaño-Herrera, R. (2020). First identification and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in Mexico. Animals, 10(9), 1609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091609
Pathiratne, A., Rajapakshe, W. (1998). Hematological Changes associated with the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in the Asian Cichlid Fish, Etroplus suratensis. Asian Fisheries Science, 11, 203-212.
Prieta, J. (1993). Lactococcosis de la trucha arco iris. Veterinary Medicine, 10, 367-373.
Plumb, J.A., Bowser, P.R. (1983). Microbial Fish Disease Laboratory Manual. Brown Printing Company, Albana. (No. 639.3P731m Ej.1 004703).
Rajendiran, A., Natarajan, E., Subramanian, P. (2008). Control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in spotted snakehead, Channa punctatus, by Solanum nigrum L.; a medicinal plant. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(3), 375- 383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00163.x
Roberts, R. J. 2012. Fish pathology. John Wiley & Sons. pp:168-194. ISBN: 9781444332827
Rodrigues, R. A., do Nascimento Silva, A. L., Siqueira, M. S., Pilarski, F., Leal, C. R. B., Kuibida, K. V., Fernandes, C. E. (2020). Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological responses in sorubim a spp. experimentally infected with Lactococcus garvieae. Aquaculture International, 28(5), 1907-1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00566-5
Satheeshkumar, P., Ananthan, G., Senthilkumar, D., Khan, A.B., Jeevanantham, K. (2012). Comparative investigation on haematological and biochemical studies on wild marine teleost fishes from Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(3), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-010-1091-5
Shahi, N., Mallik, S. K., Sahoo, M., Chandra, S., Singh, A.K. (2018). First report on characterization and pathogenicity study of emerging Lactococcus garvieae infection in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from India. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(4), 1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12843
Svobodova, Z., Vykusova B. (1991). Unified Methods of Haematological Examination of Fish. Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic, 31 pp.
Tavares-Dias, M., Oliveira, S. R. (2009). A review of the blood coagulation system of fish. Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 7(2), 125-131.
TUIK, (2020). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics. Retrieved on December 2, 2020 from http://www.tuik.gov.tr
Türe, M., Haliloğlu, H.İ., Altuntaș, C., Boran, H., Kutlu, İ. (2014). Comparison of experimental susceptibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), turbot (Psetta maxima), Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to Lactococcus garvieae. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(2), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_2_22
Urku, C., Timur, G. (2014). A comparative study of detection methods for Lactococcus garvieae in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, IJA_66.2014.1025, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.20776
Vendrell, D., Balcázar, J.L., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., De Blas, I., Gironés, O., Múzquiz, J.L. (2006). Lactococcus garvieae in fish: a review. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29(4), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2006.06.003
Witeska, M. (2005). Stress in fish-hematological and immunological effects of heavy metals. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 1(1), 35-41.
Wolf, K. (1959). Plasmoptysis and gelation of erytrocytes in coagulation of blood of freshwater bony fishes. Blood, 14, 1344. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V14.12.1339.1339