Serhat Sirekbasan, Harika Öykü Dinç, Bekir Kocazeybek, Oğuz Çörtük, Suat Sarıbaş, Özgür Pilancı, Melike Keskin, Eda Altan, Nuri Turan, Selçuk Köksal, Sevgi Ergin, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Mehmet Velidedeoğlu

Association of adenovirus 36 and gynecomastiadevelopment: A case-control study

Aim: The interaction of various adipokines secreted from adipose tissue during Adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) infection may causegynecomastia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between Ad-36 and gynecomastia development by determiningDNAs and antibodies of Ad-36, adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6 levels. Materials and Methods: Patient and control groups were composed of from 33 male adults with gynecomastia and 15 male adultswith anatomic disorders without gynecomastia, respectively. Serum neutralization assay (SNA) was used for the determination ofAd-36 antibodies and PCR method was used for the determination of Ad-36 DNA. Results: No Ad-36 DNA was found in the breast tissue samples. Ad-36 antibody levels were detected in the patient group withgynecomastia higher than the control group (p0.05). Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were detected to besignificantly different from each other (p

PDF

___

1. Arvind A, Khan MA, Srinivasan K, et al. Gynaecomastia correction: A review of our experience. Indian J Plast Surg 2014;47:56-60.
2. Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 1993;328:490-5.
3. Barros AC, Sampaio Mde C. Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment. Sao Paulo Med J 2012;130:187-97.
4. Johnson RE, Murad MH. Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:1010-5.
5. Noria SF, Grantcharov T. Biological effects of bariatric surgery on obesity-related comorbidities. Can J Surg 2013;56:47-57.
6. Dhurandhar NV. Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin. The Journal of nutrition 2001;131:2794-7.
7. Dhurandhar NV, Whigham LD, Abbott DH, et al. Human adenovirus Ad-36 promotes weight gain in male rhesus and marmoset monkeys. J Nutr 2002;132:3155-60.
8. Dhurandhar NV, Israel BA, Kolesar JM, et al. Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:989-96.
9. Atkinson RL, Dhurandhar NV, Allison DB, et al. Human adenovirus-36 is associated with increased body weight and paradoxical reduction of serum lipids. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:281-6.
10. Na HN, Hong YM, Kim J, et al. Association between human adenovirus-36 and lipid disorders in Korean schoolchildren. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:89-93.
11. Gabbert C, Donohue M, Arnold J, et al. Adenovirus 36 and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2010;126:721-6.
12. Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S. Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1973;51:48-52.
13. Ramakrishnan MA. Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula. World J Virol 2016;5:856.
14. Pasarica M, Loiler S, Dhurandhar NV. Acute effect of infection by adipogenic human adenovirus Ad36. Arch Virol 2008;153:2097-102.
15. Alali L, Honarpisheh H, Shaaban A, et al. Conditions of the male breast: Gynaecomastia and male breast cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2010;3:21-6.
16. Ford CE, Faedo M, Crouch R, et al. Progression from normal breast pathology to breast cancer is associated with increasing prevalence of mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences in men and women. Cancer Res 2004;64:4755-9.
17. Biglia A, Blanco JL, Martinez E, et al. Gynecomastia among HIV-infected patients is associated with hypogonadism: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1514-9.
18. Jover F, Cuadrado JM, Roig P, et al. Efavirenzassociated gynecomastia: report of five cases and review of the literature. Breast J 2004;10:244-6.
19. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006;17:4-12.
20. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obes Res 2004;12:962-71
21. Ahima RS, Osei SY. Leptin signaling. Physiol Behav 2004;81:223-41.
22. Kocazeybek B, Saribas S, Ergin S. The role of Ad-36 as a risk factor in males with gynecomastia. Med Hypotheses 2015;85:992-6.
23. de Heredia FP, Gomez-Martinez S, Marcos A. Obesity, inflammation and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc 2012;71:332-8.
24. Na H-N, Nam J-H. Infectobesity: a New Area for Microbiological and Virological Research. Journal of Bacteriology and Virology 2011;41:65-76.
25. Pasarica M, Mashtalir N, McAllister EJ, et al. Adipogenic human adenovirus Ad-36 induces commitment, differentiation, and lipid accumulation in human adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cells 2008;26:969-78.
26. Arnold J, Janoska M, Kajon AE, et al. Genomic characterization of human adenovirus 36, a putative obesity agent. Virus Res 2010;149:152-61.
27. Vangipuram SD, Sheele J, Atkinson RL, et al. A human adenovirus enhances preadipocyte differentiation. Obes Res 2004;12:770-7.
28. Rogers PM, Fusinski KA, Rathod MA, et al. Human adenovirus Ad-36 induces adipogenesis via its E4 orf1 gene. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:397-406.
29. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006;444:860-7.
30. Berger PK, Pollock NK, Laing EM, et al. Association of adenovirus 36 infection with adiposity and inflammatory-related markers in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:3240-6.
31. Karamese M, Altoparlak U, Turgut A, et al. The relationship between adenovirus-36 seropositivity, obesity and metabolic profile in Turkish children and adults. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:3550-6.
32. Akyol M, Kayali A, Yildirim N. Traumatic fat necrosis of male breast. Clin Imaging 2013;37:954-6.
33. Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, et al. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1494-505.
34. Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest 2007;117:175-84.
35. Sell H, Eckel J. Chemotactic cytokines, obesity and type 2 diabetes: in vivo and in vitro evidence for a possible causal correlation? Proc Nutr Soc 2009;68:378-84.
36. Dundar B, Dundar N, Erci T, et al. Leptin levels in boys with pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18:929-34.
37. Gungor NK. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2014;6:129-43.
38. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2548-56. 39. Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh. Nature 2008;454:947-8.
40. Derkacz M, Chmiel-Perzynska I, Nowakowski A. Gynecomastia - a difficult diagnostic problem. Endokrynol Pol 2011;62:190-202.