Türkiye'nin kentsel çevresel sürdürülebilirliğinin kategorik veri zarflama analiziyle değerlendirilmesi

Kentlerin çevresel sürdürülebilirliği, kent nüfusunun iktisadi, çevresel ve sosyal açılardan daha iyi yaşama veya refah düzeyine erişebilmesinin temel sorunsallarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki illerin kentsel çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından mevcut durumları değerlendirilmiş ve çevre çalışmalarında son yıllarda sıkça faydalanılan bir yöntem olan Veri Zarflama Analizi kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Türkiye’deki bölgesel farklılıklar ve illerin homojen yapıda olmaması gerçeğinden hareketle niceliksel analiz aşamasında kategorik veri zarflama yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen niceliksel bulgulara göre Adana, Bilecik, Bolu, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Yalova, Ağrı, Çankırı, Karaman ve Niğde gibi iller kentsel çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından oldukça yüksek performans gösterirken; Antalya, Denizli, Muğla, Aydın, Balıkesir, Aksaray, Sivas ve Kahramanmaraş gibi illerin performanslarının yetersiz düzeylerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The assessment of Turkish urban environmental sustainability with categorical data envelopment analysis

Urban environmental sustainability is crucial to access better standards of living and general welfare level for the urban population in economic, environmental and social contexts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current position of varios cities in Turkey with respect to urban environmental sustainability. In doing so, one of the most frequently utilized methods for environmental studies in recent years, the Data Envelopment Analysis, is used. However, due to the geographical differences and non-homogeneous structure of the cities, the method of categorical data envelopment analysis is preferred in the empirical analysis. According to these findings, the cities like Adana, Bilecik, Bolu, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Yalova, Ağrı, Çankırı, Karaman and Niğde showed considerably high performance. On the other hand, the performance of Antalya, Denizli, Muğla, Aydın, Balıkesir, Aksaray, Sivas and Kahramanmaraş remained insufficient in the context of urban sustainability.

___

  • Aydemir, Z. C. (2002), Bölgesel Rekabet Edilebilirlik Kapsamında İllerin Kaynak Kullanım Görece Verimlilikleri: Veri Zarflama Analizi Uygulaması, DPT-Uzmanlık Tezleri, Yayın No:2664. Ankara.
  • Banker, R. D. ve Morey, R. (1986), The Use of Categorical Variables in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science 32(12): 1613-1627.
  • Charnes A., Cooper W.W., Rhodes E. (1981), Evaluating Program and Managerial Efficiency: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Program Follow Through, Management Science, vol. 27, no: 6: 668-697
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. ve Li, S. (1989), “Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Evaluate Efficiency in the Economic Performance of Chinese Cities”, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 23 (6): 325-344.
  • Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, A. Y. Lewin and L. M. Seiford, (1994), Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications,Kluwer Academic Publishers, Section 3.3, Categorical inputs and outputs: 52-54.
  • Chung, Y. H., Fare, R. ve Grosskopf, S. (1997), Productivity and Undesirable Outputs: A Directional Distance Function Approach, Journal of Environmental Management, 51: 229-240.
  • Coelli T.J. (1996), A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer) Program, CEPA Working Papers, no. 8/96.
  • Cooper W. W., Seifor, L. M. ve Tone, K. (2007), Data Envelopment Analysis - A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software, Second Edition; Springer.
  • DPT, UNDP, EU (2007), Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Sektörel Politikalara Entegrasyonu Projesi, Tanıtım Broşürü, Ankara.
  • European Commission, (2001), A Framework for Indicators for the Economic and Social Dimensions of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Agriculture Directorate- General, February.
  • Fare, R., Grosskopf, S. Lovell, C. A. K. ve Pasurka, C. (1989), Multilateral Productivity Comparisons When Some Outputs Are Undesirable: A Nonparametric Approach, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 71: 90-98.
  • Fare, R. ve Grosskopf, S. (2004), Modeling Undesirable Factors in Efficiency Evaluation: Comment, European Journal of Operational Research, 157: 242–245.
  • Forsund, F.R., (2002), Categorical Variables in DEA, International Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 1(1), 33-44.
  • Gökgöz F. (2009), Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Finans Alanına Uygulanması, A.Ü.SBF. Yayın no: 597, Ankara.
  • Hernandez-Moreno, S. ve De Hoyos-Martinez, J. (2010), Indicators of Urban Sustainability in Mexico, Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 7 (16): 46–60.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2012), Ekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergeler (1950–2010), www.dpt.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2012).
  • Kamakura, W., (1988), A note on The use of Categorical Variables in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Sciences, Vol. 34, 10: 1273-1276.
  • Kıran, B. (2008), Kalkınmada Öncelikli İllerin Ekonomik Etkinliklerinin Veri Zarflama Analizi Yöntemi İle Değerlendirilmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana.
  • Liu, Y. B. (2007), The positive study on the relationship between Chinese City Economic Growth and Environmental Quality, Commercial Research, 366: 24–27.
  • Marshall, E. ve Shortle, J. (2005), Using DEA and VEA to Evaluate Quality of Life in the Mid- Atlantic States, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 34 (2): 185–203.
  • Mastercard Worldwide ve Boğaziçi Üniversitesi (2011), Türkiye’nin Şehirleri Sürdürülebilirlik Araştırması, Nisan 2011, İstanbul.
  • McMichael, A. J. (1999), Urbanisation and Urbanism in Industrialised Nations, 1980-Present: Implications for Health, Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries, (Eds.: Schell, L.M. and Ulijaszek, S.J.) Society for the study of Human Biology Symposium 40, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 21–45.
  • Meadowcroft, J. (1997), Planning Democracy and the Challenge of Sustainable Development, International Political Review, 18 (2): 167–189.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. ve Behrens III, W.W. (1972), The Limits to Growth: a Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.
  • Myllya, S. ve Kuvaja, K. (2005), Societal Premises for Sustainable Development in Large Southern Cities, Global Environmental Change, 15: 224-237.
  • OECD, 2008, OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda
  • Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı (1989), Ortak Geleceğimiz, çeviren: Belkıs Çorakçı, Ankara: Çevre Sorunları Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Schell, L. M. Ve Ulijaszek, S. J. (1999), Urbanism, Urbanisation, Health and Human Biology: an Introduction, Urbanism, Health and Human Biology in Industrialised Countries”, (Eds.:
  • Schell, L.M. and Ulijaszek, S.J.) Society for the study of Human Biology Symposium 40, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–20.
  • Scheel, H. (2001), Undesirable Outputs in Efficiency Valuations, European Journal of Operational Research, 132: 400-410.
  • Siong, H. C. ve Hussein, M. Z. S. M. (2008), Modeling Urban Quality of Life With Data Envelopment Analysis Methods, University Technology Malaysia, VOT 78513.
  • Şahin, Y. (2010), Kentleşme Politikası, Trabzon: Murathan Yayınevi.
  • Tarım A. (2001), Veri Zarflama Analizi: Matematiksel Programlama Tabanlı Göreli Etkinlik Ölçüm Yaklaşımı, Sayıştay Yayın işleri Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Tanguay, G., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J-F. ve Lanoie, P. (2010), Measuring the Sustainability of Cities: An Analysis of the Use of Local Indicators, Ecological Indicators, 10 (2): 407–418.
  • Tekeli, İ. (1996), Birleşmiş Milletler Konferansları’nın Yapısal Sınırları, İç Gerilimleri, Konferanslar Arası İş Bölümü ve Habitat II, Habitat II Konferansı Yazıları, T.C. Başbakanlık Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2013), Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 13425, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2008), İstatistik Göstergeler 1923–2007, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Yayın No: 3206, Ankara.
  • UN (1987), Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly, August, Oslo.
  • URAK (2009), İllerarası Rekabetçilik Endeksi 2008–2009, Uluslararası Rekabet Araştırmaları Kurumu, İstanbul.
  • Ülengin, B., Ülengin F. ve Güvenç, Ü. (2001), A multidimensional Approach to Urban Quality of Life: The Case of İstanbul, European Journal of Operational Research, 130 (2): 361-374.
  • Van Dijk, M. P. ve Mingshun, Z. (2005), Sustainability Indices as a Tool for Urban Managers, Evidence from Four Medium-Sized Chinese Cities, Environmental Impact Assessment, 25 (6): 667–688.
  • Wheeler, S. (2004), Planning for Sustainability: Toward Livable, Equitable, and Ecological Communities, Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • World Bank (2010), Eco-Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities, Washington: World Bank.
  • Yang, H. ve M. Pollitt, (2009), Incorporating Both Undesirable Outputs and Uncontrollable Variables into DEA: The Performance of Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants, European Journal of Operation Research, 197: 1095-1105
  • Yu, Y. ve Wen, Z. (2010), Evaluating China’s Urban Environmental Sustainability with Data Envelopment Analysis, Ecological Economics, 69: 1748–1755.
  • Zhu, J. (1998), Data Envelopment Analysis vs. Principal Component Analysis: An Illustrative Study of Economic Performance of Chinese Cities, European Journal of Operational Research, 111: 50–61.