Karar Verme Davranışından Sorumlu Beyin Yapıları: Derleme

İnsanlar hayatlarında belirdikleri amaçlarına ulaşmak için devamlı olarak seçim işlevi ile karşılaşırlar. Bu seçim işlevi bir karar verme durumudur. Karar verme, insan davranışının sonucunda ortaya çıkan ve tekrarlayan bir bilişsel süreçtir. Belirli kriterlere göre, bir dizi süreçten sonra bir karar verilir. Sinir bilim yöntemleri, karar verme süreçleri sırasında beynimizde meydana gelen olaylar hakkında bilgi edinmemizi sağlar. Beynimizin belirli bölgeleri ve bu bölgeler arasındaki bağlantılar, karar verme sürecinde görev almaktadır. Bu süreçler esnasında beynin birçok bölgesi (anterior cingulate korteks, medial prefrontal korteks, orbitofrontal korteks, dorsolateral prefrontal korteks, nucleus accumbens ve substantia nigra vb.) birbiriyle iletişim halindedir. Karar verme sürecinde beyindeki bu yapıların nöronal ağ bağlantılarının sağlanmasında nörotransmitterler de görev alır. Serotonin, frontal korteksin ventromedial ve orbital alanlarıyla ilişkili karar verme işlevlerini düzenlemede aracı bir görev yapmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, çeşitli durumlardaki karar verme sürecinde ilgili beyin yapılarının görevleri ve bu süreçte rol oynayan nörotransmitterler hakkında bilgi vermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

karar verme, beyin, nörotransmitter

PDF

___

1- KIRAL, E. (2015). Yönetimde karar ve etik karar verme sorunsalı. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 73-89.
2- Donaldson P, Clifford J. (1980). The Economyand Decision Making. St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
3-Ratcliff, R., & Rouder, J. N. (1998). Modeling response times for two-choice decisions. Psychological science, 9(5), 347-356.
4- Niwa, M., & Ditterich, J. (2008). Perceptual decisions between multiple directions of visual motion. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(17), 4435-4445.
5- Romo, R., Hernández, A., Zainos, A., Lemus, L., & Brody, C. D. (2002). Neuronal correlates of decision-making in secondary somatosensory cortex. Nature neuroscience, 5(11), 1217-1225.
6- Wong, K. F., & Wang, X. J. (2006). A recurrent network mechanism of time integration in perceptual decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(4), 1314-1328.
7- Küçükay, A. (2018). Karar Vermenin Psikolojisi. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, (35), 607-640.
8- Bechara, A., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2000). Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain, 123(11), 2189-2202.
9-. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral cortex, 10(3), 295-307.
10- Lamar M. (2000). Neuroscience and Decision Making. Erisim 09.09.2007, Triarchy Press:www.triarchypress.com.
11- Gazzaniga MS, Ivry RB, Mangun GR. (2002a). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind (2nd ed.), New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
12- Denis B, Didier D, Marc P, et al. (2009). Human Decision: Recognition Plus Reasoning. Decision Making Process: Concepts and Methods.(pp. 157-197).
13- Sanfey, A. G. (2007). Decision neuroscience: New directions in studies of judgment and decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(3), 151-155.
14-. Naqvi, N., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2006). The role of emotion in decision making: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Current directions in psychological science, 15(5), 260-264.
15- Wang, X. J. (2008). Decision making in recurrent neuronal circuits. Neuron, 60(2), 215-234.
16- Bechara, A. (2004). The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and cognition, 55(1), 30-40.
17- Krawczyk, D. C. (2002). Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neural basis of human decision making. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(6), 631-664.
18- Rosenbloom, M. H., Schmahmann, J. D., & Price, B. H. (2012). The functional neuroanatomy of decision-making. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 24(3), 266-277.
19- Happaney, K., Zelazo, P. D., & Stuss, D. T. (2004). Development of orbitofrontal function: Current themes and future directions. Brain and cognition, 55(1), 1-10.
20- Rudorf, S., & Hare, T. A. (2014). Interactions between dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie context-dependent stimulus valuation in goal-directed choice. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(48), 15988-15996.
21- Saraiva, A. C., & Marshall, L. (2015). Dorsolateral–ventromedial prefrontal cortex interactions during value-guided choice: a function of context or difficulty? Journal of Neuroscience, 35(13), 5087-5088.
22- Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2007). Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychological Science, 18(11), 958-964.
23- Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E., Buckley, M. J., & Rushworth, M. F. (2006). Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 940-947.
24- Van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiology & behavior, 77(4-5), 477-482.
25- Elliott, R., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral cortex, 10(3), 308-317.
26- Fellows, L. K., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans. Cerebral cortex, 15(1), 58-63.
27- Mesulam MM. (2000). Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology (2 nd ed., pp. 32-66.). Oxford University Press.
28- Cohen, M. X., Heller, A. S., & Ranganath, C. (2005). Functional connectivity with anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices during decision-making. Cognitive Brain Research, 23(1), 61-70.
29- Hogan, A. M., Vargha-Khadem, F., Saunders, D. E., Kirkham, F. J., & Baldeweg, T. (2006). Impact of frontal white matter lesions on performance monitoring: ERP evidence for cortical disconnection. Brain, 129(8), 2177-2188.
30- Brand, M., Labudda, K., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2006). Neuropsychological correlates of decision-making in ambiguous and risky situations. Neural Networks, 19(8), 1266-1276.
31- Bolla, K. I., Eldreth, D. A., Matochik, J. A., & Cadet, J. L. (2004). Sex-related differences in a gambling task and its neurological correlates. Cerebral cortex, 14(11), 1226-1232.
32- Siju, K. P., Štih, V., Aimon, S., Gjorgjieva, J., Portugues, R., & Kadow, I. C. G. (2020). Valence and state-dependent population coding in dopaminergic neurons in the fly mushroom body. Current Biology, 30(11), 2104-2115.
33- Björklund, A., & Dunnett, S. B. (2007). Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update. Trends in neurosciences, 30(5), 194-202.
34- Long, A. B., Kuhn, C. M., & Platt, M. L. (2009). Serotonin shapes risky decision making in monkeys. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 4(4), 346-356.
35- Rogers, R. D. (2011). The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 114-132.
36- Irak, M. (2012). Serotoninin Bilissel Islevlerdeki Rolü. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari, 15(29), 13.
37- Bang, D., Kishida, K. T., Lohrenz, T., White, J. P., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., ... & Montague, P. R. (2020). Sub-second dopamine and serotonin signaling in human striatum during perceptual decision-making. Neuron, 108(5), 999-1010.
38- Roffman, J. L., Tanner, A. S., Eryilmaz, H., Rodriguez-Thompson, A., Silverstein, N. J., Ho, N. F., ... & Catana, C. (2016). Dopamine D1 signaling organizes network dynamics underlying working memory. Science advances, 2(6), e1501672.