Çoklu Uygunluk Analizi ile Ülkeler Arasında Finansal Tabana Yayılma ve Gelirin Karşılaştırılması

Dünyada finansal tabana yayılma, her bireyi finansal hizmetlere bağlamak için uzun ve sürekli gelişen bir tarihsel sürece sahiptir. Pek çok finans kurumu, 2000'li yılların başından beri sadece mikro kredi sunmaktan, tasarruf ve sigorta gibi finansal hizmetlere temel erişim sağlamaya doğru gelişti. Ancak, 2008 küresel finansal krizi, diğer tüm ekonomik krizler gibi, ekonomi dinamiklerinde değişiklikler yaratmış ve finansal tabana yayılma, finansal konularda temel bir strateji haline gelmiştir. Genel olarak, finansal içerme, toplumun tüm üyeleri için finansal hizmetlere erişim, kullanılabilirlik ve kullanım kolaylığı sağlayan bir süreç olarak tanımlanır. Makroekonomik etkiler açısından, finansal tabana yayılma ile ilgili çalışmalar ekonomik büyüme, finansal istikrar ve eşitsizlik etrafında şekillenmiştir. Dünya Bankası'nın finansal tabana yayılmaya ilişkin çalışmaları ve endeksleri, literatürün hatırı sayılır bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Global Findex 2017 verileri kullanılarak, yüksek gelirli ülkeler, düşük gelirli ülkeler ve Türkiye'deki finansal tabana yayılma - gelir ilişkisi, Çoklu Uygunluk Analizi (MCA) ile incelenmiştir. Acil bir finansman ihtiyacı olması durumunda, düşük gelirli Avrupa ve Orta Asya ülkelerindeki bireyler finansal kurumlara değil, daha geleneksel kanallara yönelmektedirler. Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde tasarruf ve finans kuruluşlarının daha çok tercih edildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, önemli bir bulgu olarak, yüksek gelirli “OECD dışı ülkelerde” bu kadar acil bir finansman ihtiyacı olması durumunda, ihtiyaçlar daha fazla istihdam kanalıyla karşılanmaktadır. Finansal katılım bakımından ülkeler arasında gelir düzeyi, eğitim, cinsiyet ve yaş farklılık göstermekte ve belirgin birer değişken olmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

finansal tabana yayılma, gelir, çoklu uygunluk analizi.

Comparison of Financial Inclusion and Income Between Countries with Multiple Correspondence Analysis

In the World financial inclusion has a long and constantly evolving historical process to connect every individual to financial services. Many financial institutions have evolved since the early 2000s from simply offering microcredit to providing basic access to financial services such as savings and insurance. However, the 2008 global financial crisis, like all other economic crises, created changes in the dynamics of economics and financial inclusion has become a basic strategy in the financial issues. Generally, financial inclusion is defined as a process that provides access, availability, and ease of use to financial services for all members of society. In terms of macroeconomic impacts, studies on financial inclusion have been shaped around economic growth, financial stability, and inequality. The World Bank's studies and indexes on financial inclusion constitute a considerable part of the literature. In this study, using data from the Global Findex 2017, high-income countries, low-income countries and in Turkey financial inclusion - income relationship with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) were examined. In the event of an urgent need for funding, individuals in low-income European and Central Asian countries turn to more traditional channels, not financial institutions. It is concluded that savings and financial institutions are preferred more in high-income countries. Also, as an important finding, in the case of such an urgent need for funding in high-income “non-OECD countries”, needs are met through more employment channels. In terms of financial participation, income level, education, gender and age differ between countries and they are significant variables.

Keywords:

financial inclusion, income, multiple correspondence analysis,

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