___

• References 1. Bruce KD, Byrne CD. The metabolic syndrome: common origins of a multifactorial disorder. Postgraduate medical journal. 2009;85(1009):614-21. 2. Lee E-G, Choi J-H, Kim K-E, Kim J-H. Effects of a walking program on self-management and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in older Korean adults. Journal of physical therapy science. 2014;26(1):105-9. 3. García JB, Rentero PZ, Cánovas JM, Jara PG, Hernández ML, Alemán JA. Biochemical and nutritional markers and antioxidant activity in metabolic syndrome. Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition). 2014;61(6):302-8. 4. Phillips C, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F, McManus R, Roche HM. Genetic and nutrient determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Current opinion in cardiology. 2006;21(3):185-93. 5. Melanson EL, Astrup A, Donahoo WT. The relationship between dietary fat and fatty acid intake and body weight, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2009;55(1-3):229-43. 6. Stojakovic A, Espinosa EP, Farhad OT, Lutfy K. Effects of nicotine on homeostatic and hedonic components of food intake. The Journal of endocrinology. 2017;235(1):R13-r31. 7. Friedman TC, Sinha-Hikim I, Parveen M, Najjar SM, Liu Y, Mangubat M, et al. Additive effects of nicotine and high-fat diet on hepatic steatosis in male mice. Endocrinology. 2012;153(12):5809-20. 8. Lutter M, Nestler EJ. Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. The Journal of nutrition. 2009;139(3):629-32. 9. Pavlov VA, Wang H, Czura CJ, Friedman SG, Tracey KJ. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Molecular medicine. 2003;9(5-8):125. 10. Fulton S, Pissios P, Manchon RP, Stiles L, Frank L, Pothos EN, et al. Leptin regulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway. Neuron. 2006;51(6):811-22. 11. Ellingsgaard H, Ehses JA, Hammar EB, Van Lommel L, Quintens R, Martens G, et al. Interleukin-6 regulates pancreatic α-cell mass expansion. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. 2008;105(35):13163-8. 12. Wu Y, Song P, Zhang W, Liu J, Dai X, Liu Z, et al. Activation of AMPKα2 in adipocytes is essential for nicotine-induced insulin resistance in vivo. Nature medicine. 2015;21(4):373. 13. Kim JH, Shim KW, Yoon YS, Lee SY, Kim SS, Oh SW. Cigarette smoking increases abdominal and visceral obesity but not overall fatness: an observational study. PloS one. 2012;7(9):e45815. 14. Clair C, Chiolero A, Faeh D, Cornuz J, Marques-Vidal P, Paccaud F, et al. Dose-dependent positive association between cigarette smoking, abdominal obesity and body fat: cross-sectional data from a population-based survey. BMC public health. 2011;11(1):23. 15. Kratz M, Baars T, Guyenet S. The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. European journal of nutrition. 2013;52(1):1-24. 16. Mozaffarian D, Cao H, King IB, Lemaitre RN, Song X, Siscovick DS, et al. Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors, and new-onset diabetes in US adults: a cohort study. Annals of internal medicine. 2010;153(12):790-9. 17. Hodge AM, English DR, O'dea K, Sinclair AJ, Makrides M, Gibson RA, et al. Plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids as predictors of type 2 diabetes: interpreting the role of linoleic acid–. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2007;86(1):189-97. 18. Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin Phillips Lawrence S. Shikany James M. Tinker Lesley F. WsHIIMKLKLMHcWFdBIHHBVLSMJE. A Diet High in Low-Fat Dairy Products Lowers Diabetes Risk in Postmenopausal Women, 2. The Journal of nutrition. 2011;141(11):1969-74. 19. Choi HK, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Hu FB. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: a prospective study. Archives of internal medicine. 2005;165(9):997-1003. 20. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Masset G, Verberne L, Geleijnse JM, Brunner EJ. Consumption of dairy products and associations with incident diabetes, CHD and mortality in the Whitehall II study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013;109(4):718-26. 21. Seoane-Collazo P, de Morentin PBM, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, López M. Nicotine improves obesity and hepatic steatosis and ER stress in diet-induced obese male rats. Endocrinology. 2014;155(5):1679-89.