HİKMET GÜNAL, SABİT ERŞAHİN, Fevzi AKBAŞ, MESUT BUDAK

Toprak biliminde kızıl ötesi spektrometrenin potansiyel kullanımı

Hassas tarım tekniklerinin uygulanması, küresel olarak toprakta karbon zenginleşmesinin gözlemlenmesi ve toprak kalitesinin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlayacak toprak özelliklerinin daha hızlı belirlenebileceği, ucuz ve güvenilir yöntemlere olan gereksinim sürekli artmaktadır. Toprakların fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik ve mineralojik özelliklerinin mevcut laboratuar yöntemler ile belirlenmesi pahalı ve oldukça zaman ve işçilik gerektirdiği gibi, analiz için kullanılan güçlü kimyasalların atıkları çevreye zarar verebilmektedir. Geleneksel olarak kullanılan laboratuar yöntemlerine alternatif olarak son zamanlarda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaya başlanan dağılmış yansıma spektroskopi (morötesi, görülebilir, yakın kızıl ötesi ve orta kızıl ötesi) tekniği, pH, organik karbon, su içeriği, parçacık büyüklük dağılımı, katyon değişim kapasitesi, değişebilir katyonlar, kil mineralojisi ve daha bir çok toprak özelliğinin hızlı bir şekilde belirlenmesine olanak vermektedir. Yansıma özelliklerinden gidilerek toprak özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde gelişmiş istatistiksel yöntemlerden faydalanılmaktadır. Çoklu regresyon analizi, temel bileşenler analizi, kısmi en az-karelerin regresyonu ve sinir ağları kalibrasyonu yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Toprak özelliklerinin bozulmadan, yerinde incelenebilmesine olanak veren taşınabilir spektroskopi cihazları, arazideki değişkenliğin daha güvenilir şekilde incelenmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Tüm bu avantajlarının yanında, spektroskopik yöntemlerin doğruluğu kalibrasyona ve kullanılan referans metodun hassasiyeti ve doğruluğuna oldukça bağlıdır. Bu nedenle aletin kalibrasyonunda doğruluğu kabul edilmiş olan referans metotların kullanılması kaçınılmazdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

hassas tarım, toprak analizleri, toprak kimyasal özellikleri, toprak organik materyali, toprak pH'sı, toprak fiziksel özellikleri, toprak bilimi, mineral bilimi, kızılötesi spektroskopisi, değişebilir katyonlar, kil mineralleri, katyon değiştirme kapasitesi, karbon tutulması, analitik yöntemler

The potential use of infrared spectroscopy in soil science

Application of precision agriculture techniques, monitoring of carbon sequestration in soils throughout the world and sustaining the soil quality require reliable, fast and cheap soil analysis techniques. The determination of soil physical, chemical, biological and mineralogical characteristics with conventional laboratory analysis can be great time and labor consuming and expensive. The waste of strong chemicals used in soil analysis is hazardous to environment. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, mid infrared) as an alternative to conventional laboratory methods has been recently used to determine soil characteristics (soil pH, organic carbon, water content, particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, clay mineralogy and many others) rapidly and inexpensively. Spectroscopic methods require the development of calibrations that relate the spectral information to the property of interest using several statistical methods. Multiple regression analysis, principal component analysis, partial least square regression and neural network are the commonly used multivariate statistical procedures. Portable spectroscopy equipments allow in situ characterization of soil characteristics; thereby variability of soil properties can be also determined in the field. Furthermore, the accuracy of spectroscopic techniques depends on the calibration and the precision and accuracy of the reference method. Therefore, reliable analytical methods need to be used in calibration of spectroscopic technique used in the analysis.

Keywords:

precision agriculture, soil analysis, soil chemical properties, soil organic matter, soil pH, soil physical properties, soil science, mineralogy, infrared spectroscopy, exchangeable cations, clay minerals, cation exchange capacity, carbon sequestration, analytical methods,

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