Tamer KAŞIKÇI

1511

QUESTIONING MULTILATERALISM: CONCEPTUAL RE-EVALUATION AND THE DECLINE IN THE WESTERN MULTILATERAL ORDER

The Western multilateral order (WMO), which was established under the leadership of the US after the Second World War, and remained unrivaled with the collapse of the USSR, has recently entered a multidimensional crisis process. This situation aggravates doubts about the future of the WMO and the development of alternative international order scenarios both in academic and political communities. This study aims to develop a theoretical conceptual basis for understanding the crisis in question. The study suggests that in order to understand the crisis in the WMO, it was necessary to focus on the concept of multilateralism that formed its basis. In this context, the study develops Ruggie's definition of multilateralism, arguing that the definition should be expanded, especially in the context of power relations, and that multilateralism should be evaluated as a combination of power, interest, and identity elements. The three-pillar multilateral model developed in the theoretical section is then applied to the case of the decline of the WMO. It is argued that the decline of the WMO rests upon the change in the distribution of power in the international system and the differentiation of both identities and interests of the members in the order.

PDF

___

  • Alcaro, Riccardo (2018), “The Liberal Order and its Contestations. A Conceptual Framework”, The International Spectator, 53 (1): 1-10.
  • Alcaro, Riccardo, Peterson, John, Greco, Ettore (Eds.) (2016), The West and the Global Power Shift: Transatlantic Relations and Global Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Allan, Bentley, Srdjan Vucetic and Ted Hopf (2018), “The Distribution of Identity and the Future of International Order: China’s Hegemonic Prospects”, International Organization, 72 (4): 1-31.
  • Borg, S. (2021), “Cancelling the West. Transatlantic Relations in the Era of Culture Wars”, Global Affairs, 7 (3): 311-325.
  • Bouchard, Caroline and John Peterson (2011), “Conceptualising Multilateralism”, Mercury Working Paper, 2011, http://mercury.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/user_upload/E-paper_no1_r2010.pdf (21.09.2020).
  • Böller, Florian (2020), “A Breakdown of Trust: Trump, Europe and the Transatlantic Security Community”, Oswald, Michael, T. (Ed.) Mobilization, Representation, and Responsiveness in the American Democracy (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan): 301-319.
  • Brattberg, Eric, and David Whineray (2020), “How Europe Views Transatlantic Relations ahead of the 2020 US election”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 1-7, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Brattberg_Whineray_2020_EU.pdf (21.09.2021).
  • Brenner, Michael (1995), “The Multilateral Moment”, Brenner, Michael (Ed.), Multilateralism and Western Strategy (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-41.
  • Caporaso, James A. (1992), “International relations theory and multilateralism: the search for foundations”, International Organization, 46 (2): 599-632.
  • Conley, H. A. (2019), Transatlantic Relations: The Long Holiday from History is Over, CEPOB# 6.19, September 2019.
  • Cooley, Alaxender, Daniel Nexon and Steven Ward (2019), “Revising order or challenging the balance of military power? An alternative typology of revisionist and status-quo states”, Review of International Studies, 45 (4): 1–20.
  • Corbetta, Renato and William J. Dixon (2004), “Multilateralism, Major Powers, and Militarized Disputes”, Political Research Quarterly, 57 (1): 5-14.
  • Doran, Charles (2010), “The Two Sides of Multilateral Cooperation”, Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval (Eds.), International Cooperation: The Extents and Limits of Multilateralism (New York: Cambridge University Press): 40-59.
  • Erlanger, Steven (2019), “Macron Says NATO Is Experiencing ‘Brain Death’ Because of Trump”, New York Times, July 11, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/07/world/europe/macron-nato-brain-death.html, (11.09.2020).
  • “Europeans must take ‘destiny into our own hands’", Merkel says after G-7 summit”, CBSNews, 28 May 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/europes-time-for-relying-on-others-is-over-merkel-says-after-g-7-meeting-that-included-trump-may/ (20.10.2020).
  • Fischer, Joschka (2020), “The Transatlantic Tragedy”, Project Syndicate, September 28, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/transatlanticist-tragedy-anglo-saxon-nationalism-and-europes-future-by-joschka-fischer-2020-09?barrier=accesspaylog (15.09.2020)
  • Giddens, Anthony (1979), Central in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis (United States: Univ of California Press).
  • Giddens, Anthony (1984), The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (United States: Univ of California Press).
  • Hampson, Fen Osler (2010), “Deconstructing Multilateral Cooperation”, Zartman I., William and Saadia Touval (Eds.), International Cooperation: The Extents and Limits of Multilateralism (New York: Cambridge University Press): 60-77.
  • Hampson, Fen Osler and Paul Heinbecker (2011), “The “New” Multilateralism of the Twenty-First Century”, Global Governance, 17 (3): 299-310.
  • Holloway, Steven, (2000), “U.S. Unilateralism at the UN: Why Great Powers Do Not Make Great Multilateralists”, Global Governance, 6 (3): 361-381.
  • “I Think the European Union Is a Foe”, Trump Says Ahead of Putin Meeting in Helsinki”, CBS News, 15 July 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-interview-cbs-news-european-union-is-a-foe-ahead-of-putin-meeting-in-helsinki-jeff-glor/ (15.09.2020). Ikenberry, G. John (2015), “The Future of Multilateralism: Governing the World in a Post-Hegemonic Era”, Japanese Journal of Political Science, 16 (3): 399-413. Ikenberry, G. John (2008), “Explaining Crisis and Change in Atlantic Relations”, Anderson, Jeffrey, G. John Ikenberry, Thomas Risse (Eds.), The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order (Ithaca: Cornell University Press): 1-27. Ikenberry, G. John (2007), “State Power and International Institutions : America and the Logic of Economic and Security Multilateralism”, Bourantonis, Dimitris, Kostas Ifantis and Panayotis Tsakonas (Eds.), Multilateralism and Security Institutions in an Era of Globalization (Oxon: Routledge): 21-42. Ikenberry, G. John (2005), “Power and Liberal Order: America’s Postwar World Order in Transition”, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 5: 133-152. Ikenberry, G. John, (2003), “Is American Multilateralism in Decline?”, Perspectives on Politics, 1 (3): 533-550. Ikenberry, G. John (2002). “America's Imperial Ambition”. Foreign Affairs, 44-60.
  • Jepperson, Ronald L., Alexander Wendt and Peter, J. Katzenstein (1996), “Norms, Identity and Culture in National Security”, Katzenstein, Peter, J. (Ed.), The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press).
  • Jervis, Robert (2006), “The Remaking of a Unipolar World”, Washington Quarterly, 29 (3): 5-19.
  • Joffe, J. (2002), “The Alliance is Dead, Long Live the New Alliance”, New York Times, 29, 3.
  • Kagan, Robert (2002), “Power and Weakness”, Policy Review, 113: 1-18.
  • Kagan, Robert (2002), “Multilateralism, American Style”, The Washington Post, September 13, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/09/13/multilateralism-american-style/01a8538c-ddcb-41ba-9e14-bfc9ca85b3b2/ (12.10.2020).
  • Kahler, Miles (1992), “Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers”, International Organization, 46:3: 681-708.
  • Koschut, Simon (2016), Normative Change and Security Community Disintegration: Undoing Peace (Switzerland: Springer).
  • Kratochwill, Fredrich (2006), “The Genealogy of Multilateralism. Reflections on an Organizational Form and Its Crisis”, Newman, Edward, Ramesh Thakur and John Tirman (Eds.), Multilateralism Under Challenge? Power, International Order, and Structural Change (United Nations University Press): 139-159.
  • Krause, Joachim (2004), “Multilateralism: Behind European Views”, The Washington Quarterly, 27 (2): 43-59.
  • Kupchan, Charles A. (2008), “The Atlantic Order in Transition: The Nature of Change in US-European Relations”, Anderson, Jeffrey, G. John Ikenberry and Thomas Risse (Eds.), The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order (Ithaca: Cornell University Press): 111-126.
  • Lake, David A. (2010), “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US Authority”, Global Governance, 16 (4): 471-484.
  • Layne, Christopher (2018), “The US–Chinese Power Shift and The End of the Pax Americana”, International Affairs, 94 (1): 89-111.
  • Lazarou, Elena, Geoffrey Edwards, Cristopher Hill and Julie Smith (2010), “The Evolving 'Doctrine' of Multilateralism in the 21st Century”, MERCURY E-papers, 2010. http://mercury.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/user_upload/E-paper_no3_r2010.pdf (12.10.2020).
  • “Long-term macroeconomic forecasts Key trends to 2050: A special report from The Economist Intelligence Unit”, The Economist, 2015, https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/sites/default/files/generated/document/en/Long-termMacroeconomicForecasts_KeyTrends.pdf, (12.10.2020).
  • Lucarelli, Sonia (2006), “Values, Identity and Ideational Shocks in the Transatlantic Rift”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 9 (3): 304-334.
  • Martin, Lisa L. (1993), “The Rational Choice State of Multilateralism”, John G. Ruggie (Ed.), Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press): 91-121.
  • Mearshemeir, John J. (2019), “Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order”, International Security, 43 (4): 7-50.
  • Milner, Helen V. and Dustin Tingley (2012), “The choice for multilateralism: Foreign aid and American foreign policy”, The Review of International Organizations, 8 (3): 313-341.
  • Morrison, Charles E. (2018), “Tradition, Trump, and the Future of US Participation in Multilateralism”, Echle, Christian, Patrick Rueppel, Megha Sarmah and Lay Hwee Yeo (Eds.), Multilateralism in a Changing World Order (Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung): 27-37. Munich Security Report 2020 (MSR 2020). https://securityconference.org/assets/user_upload/MunichSecurityReport2020.pdf. (20.09.2020).
  • Nau, Henry (2008), “Iraq and Previous Transatlantic Crises: Divided by Threat, Not Institutions or Values”, Anderson, Jeffrey, G. John Ikenberry and Thomas Risse (Eds.), The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order (Ithaca: Cornell University Press): 82-110.
  • Newman, Edward (2006), “Multilateral crises in historical perspective”, Newman, Edwards, Ramesh Thakur and John Tirman (Eds.), Multilateralism Under Challenge (United Nations University Press): 160-178.
  • Newman, Edward (2007), A Crises of Global Institutions: Multilateralism and International Security (Oxon: Routlegde). Nexon Daniel H. and Iver B. Neumann (2017), “Hegemonic-order theory: A field-theoretic account”, European Journal of International Relations, 24 (3): 662-686.
  • Patrick, Steve (2015), “The New “New Multilateralism”: Minilateral Cooperation, but at What Cost?”, Global Summitry, 1(2): 115-134.
  • Patrick, Stewart (2009), “The Mission Determines the Coalition’: The United States and Multilateral Cooperation after 9/11”, Jones, Bruce D., Shepard Forman, and Richard Gowan (Eds.), Cooperating for Peace and Security:
  • Evolving Institutions and Arrangements in a Context of Changing U.S. Security Policy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press): 20-44.
  • Peterson, John, and Rebecca Steffenson (2009), “Transatlantic Institutions: Can Partnership be Engineered?”, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11 (1): 25-45. Rathbun, Brian C. (2011), “Before Hegemony: Generalized Trust and the Creation and Design of International Security Organizations”, International Organization, 65: 243-273.
  • Raustiala, Kal, (2000), “Sovereignty and Multilateralism”, Chicago Journal of International Law, 1 (2): 401-419.
  • Risse, Thomas (2008), “The End of the West?: Conclusions”, Anderson, Jeffrey J., G. John Ikenberry, and Thomas Risse (Eds.), The End of the West?: Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order (Ithaca: Cornell University Press): 263-290.
  • Risse, Thomas (2016), The Transatlantic Security Community: Erosion from within?”, Alcaro, Riccardo, Peterson, John, and Greco, Ettore (Eds.), The West and the Global Power Shift (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 21-42.
  • Rossbach, Niklas S. (2019), “Whither Transatlantic Security: Values, Interest and the Future of US-Europen Relations”, FOI-R--4869—SE, December, https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R--4869--SE (12.09.2020). Ruggie, John Gerard (1993), “Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution”, John G. Ruggie, Multilateralis m matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press): 3-50.
  • Rüland, Jürgen, (2012), “The Rise of ‘Diminished Multilateralism’: East Asian and European Forum Shopping in Global Governance”, Asia Europe Journal, 9 (2-4): 255-270.
  • “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”, SIPRI, https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (20.10.2020).
  • Singer, Clifford E., James Walsh and Dean Wilkening (2004), “Reinventing Multilateralism”. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security Report ACDIS at Research and Methods.
  • Stein, Arthur A (2008), “Incentive Compatibility and Global Governance: Existential Multilateralism, a Weakly Confederal World, and Hegemony”, Alan S. Alexandroff (Ed.), Can the World Be Governed? Possibilities for Effective Multilateralism (Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press): 17-83.
  • Tago, Atsushi (2005), “Determinants of Multilateralism in U.S. Use of Force”, Journal of Peace Research, 42 (5): 585–604.
  • Thimm, Johannes (2020), “What Really Matters in Transatlantic Relations”, Diskussionpapier, der FG 4 2005/3, SWP, Berlin, September 23, https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/TransatlanticRelationsThimm_ks.pdf (18.10.2020).
  • Wade, Robert H. (2011), “Emerging World Order? From Multipolarity to Multilateralism in the G20, the World Bank, and the IMF”, Politics and Society, 39 (3): 347-378.
  • Weber, Steve (1993), “Shaping the Postwar Balance of Power: Multilateralism in NATO”, John. G. Ruggie (Ed.), Multilateralism matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York, Columbia University Press): 233-292.
  • Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterlolfi and Mara Mordecai (2020), “U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly”, 15 September, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/ (12.10.2020).
  • Zakaria, Fareed (2008), The Post-American World (New York: W.W. Norton and Company).
Alternatif Politika-Cover
  • ISSN: 1309-0593
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2009
  • Yayıncı: Rasim Özgür Dönmez
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

“DEĞERSİZLEŞME” VE “SERMAYENİN ORGANİK BİLEŞİMİ” KAVRAMLARI ÜZERİNDEN ERKEN DÖNEM POULANTZAS’IN SINIF ANALİZİNİN ELEŞTİRİSİ

Turgay KAHVECİ

TÜRKİYE’NİN DOĞU AKDENİZ’İ GÜVENLİKLEŞTİRME ÜÇGENİ: SÖYLEMLER, GÖRSELLER, EYLEMLER

Onur ŞEN, Cansu AÇIKGÖZ

QUESTIONING MULTILATERALISM: CONCEPTUAL RE-EVALUATION AND THE DECLINE IN THE WESTERN MULTILATERAL ORDER

Tamer KAŞIKÇI

KARANLIK ZAMANLARDA ARENDT OKUMAK: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ, GÖÇ SORUNU VE GERİ İTMELER

C. Akça ATAÇ, Şebnem Açelya BAŞTAN

TÜRKİYE’NİN SINIR VE GÖÇ YÖNETİMİ: DİNAMİK VE İLİŞKİSEL BİR ALANIN TARİHSEL DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Çağla LÜLECİ SULA

TERÖRİZM ARAŞTIRMALARINDA DEVLET MERKEZLİLİĞİN BİR SONUCU OLARAK DEVLET TERÖRİZMİNE YÖNELİK SESSİZLİKLER

Ömer ÇONA