Why Does The International Drug-Control System Fail?

The international community has been building a drug-control system for over a century. The UN-led initiatives drafted very detailed conventions, political declarations, and plans of action. International institutions and governments have been allocating vast resources for national, regional, and global counter narcotics initiatives. Law-enforcement agents, judicial officers, diplomats, and demand-reduction experts devote enormous efforts to global drug-control efforts. However, the latest field studies clearly indicate that the global war on drugs has been lost on virtually every front. Drug consumption and drugrelated deaths have increased over the past three decades. Every year, many new psychoactive substances appear on the market. Precursor chemicals are not efficiently controlled. The drug supply consistently shifts to areas where law enforcement is weak and corrupt. Drug money has allowed the dark networks to exert an increasing influence on the governments in Latin America, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and West Africa. The drug trade undermines global security by financing terrorism and insurgency. In this context, the United Nations' goal of a "drug-free world" is far from being reached. This paper provides an insight as to why the international efforts to control the drug supply, drug demand, and drug-driven money have failed dramatically.

PDF

___

Aviles, William. "US Intervention in Colombia: The Role of Transnational Relations." Bulletin of Latin American Research 27, no. 3 (2008): 410-29.
Bagley, Bruce. Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.
Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012. Boville, Belen. The Cocaine War in Context: Drugs and Politics. New York: Algora Publishing, 2004.
Blichman, Tom. "The Ecstasy Industry in the Netherlands in a Global Perspective." In Organized Crime Economy: Managing Crime Markets in Europe, edited by Petrus C. Von Duyne, et al. Postbus: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2005.
Carpenter, Ted. G. "How the Drug War in Afghanistan Undermines America's War on Terror." Foreign Policy Briefing No: 84, CATO Institute, 2004.
Chossudovsky, Michel. "The Spoils of War: Afghanistan's Multibillion Dollar Heroin Trade, Washington's Hidden Agenda: Restore the Drug Trade." Global Research, May 2005.
Davenport-Hines, Richard. The Pursuit of Oblivion: A social history of drugs. London: Phoenix Press, 2012.
DCA. Review of the Situation with Narcotic Drugs in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2014. Dushanbe: The Drug Control Agency, 2014.
De la Torre, Luis V. "Drug Trafficking and Police Corruption: A Comparison of Colombia and Mexico." PhD dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, 2008.
Degenhart, Louisa, and Wayne Hall. "Illicit Drug Use." In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors, edited by Majid Ezzati, Alan D. Lopez, Anthony Rodgers and Christopher J.L. Murray, 1109-76. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
Ekici, Behsat. "The African Transnational Threat to Turkey." African Security Review 22, no. 3 (2013): 123-44.
------. "Why International Drug Control Failed in Afghanistan." OAKA Journal 22 (Forthcoming). EMCDDA. European Drug Report 2014: Trends and Developments. Luxemburg: Publication Office of European Union, 2014.
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. "Afghanistan: When Counternarcotics Undermines Counterterrorism." The Washington Quarterly 24, no. 8 (Autumn 2005): 55-72.
Fukumi, Sayaka. Cocaine Trafficking in Latin America: EU and US Policy Responses. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2008.
Gomis, Benoit. "Illicit Drugs and International Security: Towards UNGASS 2016." Briefing Paper, Chatham House, February 2014.Gootenberg, Paul. Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug. Chapel Hill: University of North Caroline Press, 2008.
Goodhand, Jonathan. "Corruption or Consolidating the Peace? The Drugs Economy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Afghanistan." International Peace Keeping 15, no. 3 (2008): 144-61.
Grare, Frederic. "Anatomy of a Fallacy: The Senlis Council and Narcotics in Afghanistan." Working Paper No. 34, CIGI, 2008.
Grillo, Ioan. El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.
Hall, Wayne, and Lynskey Michael. "Is Cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypothesis about the relationship between cannabis use and other illicit drugs." Drug and Alcohol Review 24, no. 1 (2005): 39-48.
Hindess, Barry. "Investigating International Anti-Corruption." Third World Quarterly 26, no. 8 (2005): 1389-98.
International Drug Policy Consortium. "UNODC's Shifting Position on Drug Policy: Progress and challenges." Advocacy Note February 2014. Accessed January 24, 2016.
http://www.undrugcontrol.info/images/stories/ documents/IDPC-Advocacy-Note_UNODC-contributions-HLS.pdf
INCB. "Comments on the Reported Statistics on Narcotic Drugs." Report 2012. Accessed January 23, 2016. https:// www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2012/NDR_2012_Part2_Comments_E.pdf
------. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014. New York: United Nations, 2014.
------. Precursors. New York: United Nations, 2014.
------. Annual Report 2015. New York: United Nations, 2015.
Jelsma, Martin. "Drugs in the UN System: The unwritten history of the 1988 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs." International Journal of Drug Policy 14, no. 2 (2003): 188-95.
Kleiman, Mark, A.R. When Brute Force Fails. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009.
Koehler, Jan. Conflict Processing and the Opium Poppy Economy in Afghanistan. PAL Internal Document No: 5. Jalalabad, Afghanistan: PAL Management Unit, 2005.
Mansfield, David. A State Built on Sand. Oxford University Press, 2016.
McAllister, William. Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2000.
Mitchell, Daniel. "US Government Agencies Confirm that Low-tax Jurisdictions are not Money Laundering Havens." Journal of Financial Crime 11, no. 2 (2004): 127-33.
Naim, Moises. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Anchorbooks, 2005.
New York City Bar. Committee on Drugs & The Law. "International Drug Control Treaties: How Important Are They to US Drug Reform." August 2012. Accessed May 18, 2016. http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/ uploads/3_20072283-InternationalDrugControlTreaties.pdf.
Research and Markets. "Global Acetic Acid Market." Accessed January 24, 2016. http://www.researchandmarkets. com/research/b8qsf3/global_acetic.
Schneider, Friedrich. "Turnover of Organized Crime and Money Laundering: Some Preliminary Empirical Findings." Public Choice 144, no. 3-4 (2008): 473-86.
Senlis Council. Feasibility of Opium Licensing in Afghanistan. London: MF Publishing, 2005.
Shaw, Mark. "West African Criminal Networks in South and Southern Africa." African Affairs-Royal African Society 101 (2002): 291-316.
Statista. "Estimated Global Number of Drug Related Deaths by Region 2013." Accessed January 24, 2016. http://
www.statista.com/statistics/443506/estimated-number-of-drug-related-deaths-globally-by-region/. UNODC. Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2015.
------. Afghanistan Opium Survey: Executive Summary. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2006.
------. Colombia Coca Cultivation Survey 2013. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2014.
------. Global Afghan Opium Trade: A Threat Assessment. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2011.
------. The Transatlantic Cocaine Market. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2011.
------. World Drug Report. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2008.
------. World Drug Report. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2014.
------. World Drug Report. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2015.
UNODCCP. World Drug Report 2000. New York. Oxford University Press, 2000.
U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. International Drug Control Policy Background and US Responses, by Sun Liana Wyler. RL 34543, 2012.
------. Congressional Research Service. International Drug Trade and US Foreign Policy, by Raphael F. Perl. RL 33582, 2006.
------. Congressional Research Service. Plan Colombia: A Progress Report, by Connie Veiletta. RL 32774, 2005.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. "Fiscal Year 2007 Budget Congressional Justification." Accessed January 24, 2016.
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/71984. pdf.
Van Ham, Peter, and Jorrit Kamminga. "Poppies for Peace: Reforming Afghanistan's Opium Industry." The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 1 (Winter 2006-2007): 69-81.
Webb, Gary. Dark Alliance: the CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Epidemic. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998.
Youngers, Coletta A., and Eileen Rosin. Drugs and Democracy in Latin America. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005.

All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace-Cover

ISSN: 2146-7757
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2012
Yayıncı: Dış Politika ve Barış Araştırmaları Merkezi, İhsan Doğramacı Barış Vakfı

Arşiv