Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Tetracycline Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli in Mediterranean Mussel and Sea Snails Collected from the Eastern Black Sea (Turkey)

Aquatic environments are often affected by and exposed to anthropogenic pollutants including antimicrobials used as disease prevention and feed additives. Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem both in animal and in human health worldwide. In this study, Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Sea snail (Rapana venosa) samples were collected seasonally from the coastline of Black Sea. A total of 54 Escherichia coli were isolated from Mediterranean mussel and Sea snail collected from the coast of Artvin, Rize, Trabzon and Giresun, Turkey. Antimicrobial resistance and the presence of tetracycline (tet) resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetE) in E. coli isolates were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibility test determined that 83.3 % of the isolates exhibited resistance to sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to ampicillin and aztreonam was as 66.7 % and 37.0 % among the tested antimicrobials, respectively. The lowest resistant antimicrobial was florfenicol (1.9 %). tetC resistance gene was detected in more than 50% of the isolates. Among the tet resistance genes, tetC was found in the most common gene followed by tetB, tetA, tetE, and tetD. At least one tet gene was detected in 88% of the isolates, and 46% of the isolates had two or more tet genes. The presence of tet resistance genes in E. coli in aquatic environments indicates that these isolates may be a reservoir of tet resistance genes. They may also exhibit an important role in the spread of genes among the pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.

Doğu Karadeniz (Türkiye)’den Toplanan Kara Midye ve Deniz Salyangozlarındaki Escherichia coli’lerin Antimikrobiyal Direnç Profilleri ve Tetrasiklin Direnç Genleri

Sucul ortamlar sık sık hastalıklardan korunma ve besin katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan antimikrobiyalleri de içeren karasal kökenli kirleticilere maruz kalmakta ve etkilenmektedir. Antimikrobiyal direnç dünya çapında hem insan sağlığında hem de hayvan sağlığı açısından büyük bir problemdir. Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz kıyılarından mevsimlik olarak kara midye ve deniz salyangozu örnekleri toplanmıştır. Artvin, Rize, Trabzon ve Giresun kıyılarından toplanan kara midye ve deniz salyangozlarında toplam 54 adet Escherichia coli suşu izole edilmiştir. E. coli izolatlarında antimikrobiyal direnç ve tetrasiklin direnç genlerinin (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, ve tetE) varlığı araştırılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal hassasiyet testi izolatların %83,3’ünün sulfametaksazola karşı dirençli olduğunu göstermiştir. Ampisilin ve aztreonama karşı direnç de sırasıyla %66,7 ve %37,0 olarak hesaplanmıştır. En düşük direncin florfenikole karşı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İzolatların % 50’sinden fazlasında tetC geni bulunmuştur. tet genleri arasında, tetC en çok bulunan gen olurken bunu tetB, tetA, tetE ve tetD takip etmiştir. İzolatların %88’inde en az bir tane test edilen direnç geni olduğu tespit edilmiş ve %46’sı ise iki veya daha fazla tet genine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sucul ortamlardaki E. coli’lerde tet direnç genlerinin varlığı bu izolatların tet direnç genleri bakımından bir rezervuar olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu izolatlar ayrıca patojenik ve patojenik olmayan bakteriler arasında da bu genlerin yayılmasında önemli bir rol oynayabilir.

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