Toplu Taşıma İçin Nesnelerin İnterneti Yazılımlarının Modellenmesi

Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) çok umut vaat eden bir alan ve son yıllarda toplu taşımada kullanılan teknolojilerin başında geliyor. Ancak, IoT sistemlerinin geliştirilmesinde genellikle gözlemlenen heterojenlik ve yüksek karmaşıklık sorunlarına ek olarak, toplu taşıma alanının kendine özgü ihtiyaçları, toplu taşıma için bu tür sistemlerin inşasını daha da zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu makale, IoT-tabanlı toplu taşıma sistemlerinin tasarımını ve uygulanmasını kolaylaştırmak için DSML4PT adlı alana özgü bir modelleme dilinin (DSML) kullanılmasını önermektedir. IoT-tabanlı uygulamaların farklı bakış açılarına göre modellenmesini sağlayan ve bu tür uygulamaların farklı IoT-tabanlı toplu taşıma platformları için model güdümlü mühendisliğine yol açan bir üstmodel sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, bu üstmodelden kaynaklanan DSML4PT dilinin sözdizimi ve anlambilim tanımları da dahil olmak üzere tasarımı ve uygulanması bu makalede tartışılmaktadır. Bu DSML'in kullanımı, hem IoT tabanlı toplu taşıma yazılımının grafiksel olarak tasarlanmasını hem de uygulama için gerekli kodun otomatik olarak oluşturulmasını destekler. Yürütülen vaka çalışmasına dayanarak, bir toplu taşıma uygulamasının %80'inin yalnızca DSML4PT kullanılarak üretilebildiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Nesnelerin İnterneti, toplu taşıma, akıllı şehirler, model-güdümlü mühendislik, alana-özgü modelleme dili

Modelling Internet of Things Software for Public Transportation

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a very promising domain and it is one of the leading technologies used in the public transportation in recent years. However, in addition to the heterogeneity and high complexity problems which are usually observed in the development of IoT systems, the specific needs of public transportation domain make the construction of such systems even harder for the public transportation. This paper proposes the use of a domain-specific modelling language (DSML), called DSML4PT, to facilitate the design and implementation of IoT-based public transportation systems. A metamodel is introduced that enables modeling IoT-based applications according to the different viewpoints and leads to the model-driven engineering of such applications for different IoT-based public transportation platforms. Furthermore, originated from this metamodel, design and implementation of the DSML4PT language with including its syntax and semantics definitions are all discussed in this paper. Use of this DSML supports both the design of the IoT-based public transportation software graphically and the automatic generation of the code required for the implementation. Based on the conducted case study, it has been observed that 80% of a public transportation application can be generated only with using DSML4PT.

Keywords:

Internet of Things, public transportation, smart cities, model-driven engineering, domain-specific modelling language,

PDF

___

Acceleo (2018). Acceleo Model to Text Language. https://www.eclipse.org/acceleo/, (Access: 21 September 2023).
Ahmed, A., Kleiner, M. and Roucoules, L. (2019). Model-Based Interoperability IoT Hub for the Supervision of Smart Gas Distribution Networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 13 - 2.
Alulema, D., Iribarne, L. and Criado, J. (2017). A DSL for the Development of Heterogeneous Applications. 5th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops, Prague, Czech Republic, 21-23 August.
Arslan, S. and Kardaş, G. (2021). The Need for Model-driven Engineering in the Development of IoT Software for Public Transportation Systems. 15th Turkish National Software Engineering Symposium (UYMS), Izmir, Turkey, 17-19 November.
Arslan, S., Ozkaya, M. and Kardas, G. (2023). Modeling Languages for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications: A Comparative Analysis Study. Mathematics, 11, 1263.
Asici, T. Z., Karaduman, B., Eslampanah, R., Challenger, M., Denil, J. and Vangheluwe, H. (2019). Applying Model Driven Engineering Techniques to the Development of Contiki-Based IoT Systems. IEEE/ACM 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things, Montreal, QC, Canada, 27-27 May.
Aydin, M.B., Oz, C., Cetin Tulazoglu, D. and Kardas, G. (2019). Development of an ITxPT compliant information system for public transportation vehicles. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Applications, 2:2, 1-13.
Barriga, J.A., Clemente, P.J., Pérez-Toledano, M.A., Jurado-Málaga, E. and Hernández, J. (2023). Design, code generation and simulation of IoT environments with mobility devices by using model-driven development: SimulateIoT-Mobile. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 89, 101751.
Berrouyne, I., Adda, M., Mottu, J.M. and Tisi, M. (2022). A Model-Driven Methodology to Accelerate Software Engineering in the Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things Journal, 9, 19757–19772.
Betancourt, V.P., Liu, B. and Becker, J. (2020). Model-based Development of a Dynamic Container-Based Edge Computing System. IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering, Vienna, Austria, 12 October - 12 November.
Brambilla, M., Cabot, J. and Wimmer, M. (2017). Model-Driven Software Engineering in Practice, 2nd ed.; Switzerland: Springer.
Cai, H., Gu, Y., Vasilakos, A.V., Xu, B. and Zhou, J. (2018). Model-Driven Development Patterns for Mobile Services in Cloud of Things. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 6:3, 771-784.
Costa, B., Pires, P.F. and Delicato, F.C. (2020). Towards the adoption of OMG standards in the development of SOA-based IoT systems. The Journal of Systems & Software, 169.
Dautov, R. and Song, H. (2019). Towards IoT Diversity via Automated Fleet Management. 4th International Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet-of-Things, Munich, Germany, 15-17 September.
Evin, E., Aydin, M.B. and Kardas, G. (2020). Design and implementation of a CANBus-based eco-driving system for public transport bus services. IEEE Access 2020, 8:1, 8114-8128.
ENACT Project, (2018). https://www.enact-project.eu/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
Farias, C.M., Brito, I.C., Pirmez, L., Delicato, F.C., Pires, P.F., Rodrigues, T.C., Santos, I.L., Carmo, L.F.R.C. and Batista, T. (2017). COMFIT: A development environment for the Internet of Things. Future Generation Computer Systems, 75, 128–144.
Fernandez, G.C., Espada, J.P., García-Díaz, V., García, C.G. and Fernandez, N.G. (2014). Vitruvius An expert system for vehicle sensor tracking and managing. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 42, 178-188.
Harrand, N., Fleurey, F., Morin, B. and Husa, K.E. (2016). Thingml: a language and code generation framework for heterogeneous targets. The ACM/IEEE 19th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering, Languages and Systems, Saint-malo, France, 2-7 October.
Hassine, T.B., Khayati O. and Ghezala, H.B. (2017). An IoT domain meta-model and an approach to software development of IoT solutions. International Conference on Internet of Things, Embedded Systems and Communications (IINTEC), Gafsa, Tunisia, 20-22 October.
Hause, M., Hummell, J. and Grelier, F. (2018). MBSE Driven IoT for Smarter Cities. 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Eng., Paris, France, 19-22 June.
Hu, M., Cao, E., Huang, H., Zhang, M., Chen, X. and Chen, M. (2023). AIoTML: A Unified Modeling Language for AIoT-Based Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, DOI: 10.1109/TCAD.2023.3264786.
Iovino, L., Sanctis, M.D. and Rossi, M.T. (2019). Automated Code Generation for NFC-based Access Control. 4th International Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet-of-Things, Munich, Germany, 15-17 September.
ISO 24014-1:2015 (2015). Public transport - Interoperable fare management system - Part 1: Architecture. https://www.iso.org/standard/61545.html (Access: 21 September 2023).
ITS Standardization (2021). Public transport Standards. https://www.itsstandards.eu/25-2/wp-2/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
ITxPT (2017). ITXPT Standards. Information Technology for Public Transport Organization. https://itxpt.org/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
Kardas, G., Ciccozzi, F. and Iovino, L. (2023). Introduction to the special issue on methods, tools and languages for model-driven engineering and low-code development. Journal of Computer Languages, 74, 1–2.
Kosar, T., Bohra, S. and Mernik, M. (2019). Domain-specific languages: A systematic mapping study. Information and Software Technology, 71:1, 77–91.
Kotronis, C., Nikolaidou, M., Dimitrakopoulos, G., Anagnostopoulos, D., Amira, A. and Bensaali, F. (2018). A Model-based Approach for Managing Criticality Requirements in e-Health IoT Systems. 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Engineering, Paris, France, 19-22 June.
Kölsch, J., Post, S., Zivkovic, C., Ratzke, A. and Grimm, C. (2020). Model-based development of smart home scenarios for IoT simulation. 8th Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 21 April.
Kühne, T. (2022). Multi-dimensional multi-level modeling. Software and Systems Modeling, 21, 543-559.
Lelandais, B., Oudot, M.P. and Combemale, B. (2019). Applying model-driven engineering to high-performance computing: Experience report, lessons learned, and remaining challenges. Journal of Computer Languages, 55:1, 100919.
Marah, H. M., Kardas, G. and Challenger, M. (2021). Model-driven round-trip engineering for TinyOS-based WSN applications. Journal of Computer Languages, 65.
Maxim Integrated (2016). MAX9768 10W Mono Class D Speaker Amplifier with Volume Control. https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/analog/audio/MAX9768.html (Access: 21 September 2023).
Mazzini, S., Favaro, J. and Baracchi, L. (2015). A Model-Based Approach Across the IoT Lifecycle for Scalable and Distributed Smart Applications. IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Gran Canaria, Spain, 15-18 September.
Mohamed, M.A., Kardas, G. and Challenger, M. (2021). Model-driven engineering tools and languages for cyber-physical systems - A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 9:1, 48605-48630.
Muthukumar N., Srinivasan, S., Ramkumar, K., Pal, D., Vain, J. and Ramaswamy, S. (2019). A model-based approach for design and verification of Industrial Internet of Things. Future Generation Computer Systems, 95, 354–363.
NXP Semiconductor (2017). i.MX 6Dual/6Quad Applications Processor Reference Manual, IMX6DQRM Rev. 4, 09/2017.
NXP Semiconductor (2020). PN5180 Full NFC Forum-Compliant Frontend IC. https://www.nxp.com/products/rfid-nfc/nfc-hf/nfc-readers/full-nfc-forum-compliant-frontend-ic:PN5180 (Access: 21 September 2023).
Rafique, W., Zhao, X., Yu, S., Yaqoob, I., Imran, M. and Dou, W. (2020). An Application Development Framework for Internet-of-Things Service Orchestration. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7:5, 4543-4556.
Rayes, A. and Salam, S. (2019). Internet of Things From Hype to Reality: The Road to Digitization. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Sosa-Reyna, C. M., Tello-Leal, E. and Lara-Alabazares, D. (2018). Methodology for the model-driven development of service oriented IoT applications. Journal of Systems Architecture, 90, 15-22.
The Eclipse Foundation (2015). Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF), http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/gmp/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
The Sirius Project (2023). The Eclipse Sirius Modelling Project. http://www.eclipse.org/sirius/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
The Vorto Project, (2018). https://www.eclipse.org/vorto/ (Access: 21 September 2023).
Thramboulidis, K. and Christoulakis, F. (2016). UML4IoT: A UML-based approach to exploit IoT in cyber-physical manufacturing systems. Computers in Industry, 82, 259–272.
Vorapojpisut, S. (2018). Model-based Design of IoT/WSN Nodes: Device Driver Implementation. International Conference on Embedded Systems and Intelligent Technology & International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 07-09 May.
Wasowski, A. and Berger, T. (2023). Domain-Specific Languages: Effective Modeling, Automation, and Reuse. 1st ed.; Switzerland: Springer.
Xiao, R., Wu, Z., and Wang, D. (2019). A Finite-State-Machine model driven service composition architecture for internet of things rapid prototyping. Future Generation Computer Systems, 99, 473–488.