FAİZ ORANI PARİTESİ YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Bu çalışmada, gerek uluslararası finans gerekse de açık-ekonomi makroekonomik modellerin inşasında sıklıkla kullanılan kapsanmış ve kapsanmamış faiz oranı paritesi yaklaşımları üzerine yapılan ampirik çalışmalar incelenmektedir. Ekonometrik yöntem, ülke ve dönem temelli ele alınan çalışmalar genel bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulduğunda üç önemli bulguya rastlanılmaktadır. İlk olarak, her iki hipotezin de geçerli olduğu çalışmalara oldukça az rastlanılmıştır. İkinci olarak, daha güncel ekonometrik yöntemlerin kullanıldığı çalışmalarda ise hipotezleri destekler sonuçların daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak ise, aralarındaki sermaye kontrollerinin minimize edildiği, birbirlerine daha fazla entegre olmuş, işlem maliyetlerinin düşük, finansman riskinin az ve istikrarlı finans piyasalarında hipotezlerin geçerlilik olasılıkları yükselmektedir. Bulguların, konuyla ilgilenen araştırmacılara faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

AN ASSESMENT ON INTEREST RATE PARITY APPROACH

In this study, empirical studies on covered interest rate parity and uncovered interest rate parity which are frequently used in the construction of both international finance and open-economy macroeconomic models were surveyed. When studies that based on econometric model, country and period evaluated in general three important findings are attained. First of all, it is rare to find studies that both hypotheses are valid. Secondly, in studies that more current econometric methods were used more supporting findings for hypotheses were observed. Lastly, validity likelihood of hypotheses rises in financial markets that are more stable and more integrated to each other, transaction costs and financial risks are low and capital controls are minimized in between. Findings are expected to be beneficial to researchers that interests in the subject. 

___

  • Aggarwal, Sahil, (2013), “The Uncovered Interest Rate Parity Puzzle in The Foreign Exchange Market”, New York University, (Çevrimiçi) http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2013/Aggarwal_ParityPuzzle_May2013.pdf, 02 Nisan 2014.
  • Akçay, O. Cevdet, C. Emre Alper, Meral Karasulu, (1997), “Currency Substitution And The Exchange Rate Instability: The Turkish Case”, European Economic Review, Vol. 41, pp. 827-835.
  • Aliber, Robert Z., (1973), “The Interest Rate Parity Theory: A Reinterpretation”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.81, No. 6, pp. 1451-1459.
  • Aslan, Özgür, H. Levent Korap, (2010), “Does The Uncovered Interest Parity Hold in Short Horizons?”, Applied Economic Letters,Vol.17, pp.361-365.
  • Aysun, Uluc, Sanglim Lee, (2014), "Can Time-Varying Risk Premiums Explain The Excess Returns in The Interest Rate Parity Condition?", Emerging Markets Review, Vol. 18, pp. 78-100.
  • Baba, Naohiko, Frank Packer, (2008), “Interpreting Deviations From Covered Interest Parity During The Financial Market Turmoil”, BIS Working Papers, No. 267.
  • Baillie, Richard T., William P. Osterberg, (2000), “Deviations From Daily Uncovered Interest Rate Parity and The Role Of Intervention”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Vol.10, pp.363-379.
  • Balke, Nathan S., Mark E. Wohar, (1998), "Nonlinear Dynamics and Covered Interest Rate Parity", Emprical Economics, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 535 -559.
  • Bekaert, Geert, Min Wei, Yuhang Xing, (2007), “Uncovered Interest Parity and The Term Structure”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 26, pp. 1038-1069.
  • Berument, Hakan, Aslı Günay, (2003), "Exchange Rate Risk and Interest Rate: A Case Study for Turkey", Open Economies Review, Vol. 14, pp. 19-27.
  • Bhargava, Vivek, Akash Dania, D.K. Malhotra, (2011), “Covered Interest Rate Parity Among BRIC Nations”, Journal of Business&Economic Studies, Vol. 17, No.1,pp. 37-47.
  • Blenman, Lloyd P., (1991), "A Model of Covered InterestArbitrage Under Market Segmantation", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 706-717.
  • Branson, William H., (1969), “The Minimum Covered Interest Differential Needed for International Arbitrage Activity”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 77, No.6, pp. 1028-1035.
  • Caner, Mehmet, Bruce E. Hansen, (2001), "Threshold Autoregression With a Unit Root", Econometrica, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1555-1596.
  • Cavaglia, Stefano M.F.G., Willem F.C. Verschoor, Christian C.P. Wolff, (1994), “On The Biasedness of Forward Foreign Exchange Rates: Irrationality or Risk Premia”, Journal of Business, Vol. 67, No.3, pp. 321-343.
  • Chabound, Alain P., Jonathan H. Wright, (2005), "Uncovered Interest Parity: It Works, But Not For Long", Journal of International Economics, Vol. 66, pp. 349-362.
  • Chin, Chang-Chiang, Huei-Mei, Liang, (2009), “The Long-Run Uncovered Interest Rate Parity In View of A Trading Strategy”, Applied Economics, Vol.41, pp.2727-2739.
  • Coffey, Niall, Warren B. Hrung, Asani Sarkar, (2009), “Capital Constraints, Counterparty Risk and Deviations From Covered Interest Rate Parity”, FED Staff Reports, No.393.
  • Coleman, Andrew, (2012), "Uncovering Uncovered Interest Parity During The Classical Gold Standard Era, 1888-1905", North American Journal of Economics And Finance, Vol. 23, pp. 20-37.
  • Cumby, Robert, Maurice Obstfeld, (1982), “International Interest Rate and Price Level Linkages Under Flexible Exchange Rates: A review of Recent Evidence”, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 921.
  • Doodley, Michael P., Peter Isard, (1980), “Capital Controls, Political Risk and Deviations from Interest Parity”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 88, No.2, pp. 370-384.
  • Dornbusch, Rudiger,(1976), “Expectations and Exchange Rate Dynamics”, Journal of Politiical Economy, Vol.84, No.6, pp. 1161-1176.
  • Du, Wenxin, Alexander Tepper, Adrien Verdelhan, (2017), “Deviations From Covered Interest Rate Parity”, NBER Working Paper, 23170.
  • Einzig, Paul, (1937), The Theory of Forward Exchange, Macmillan, London.
  • Engle, Robert F., (1982), "Autoregressive Condional Heteroscedasticity With Estimates of The Variance of United Kingdom Inflation", Econometrica, Vol. 50, No.4, pp. 987-1007.
  • Fama, Eugene, (1984), “Forward and Spot Exchange Rates”, Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 19, pp. 319-338.
  • Flood, Robert P., Andrew K. Rose, (1994), "Fixes: Of The Forward Discount Puzzle", NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4928.
  • Fong, Wai-Ming, Giorgio Valente, Joseph K.W. Fung, (2010), "Covered Interest Arbitrage Profits: The Role of Liquidity and Credit Risk", Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 1098 - 1107.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A., Kenneth A. Froot, (1987), “Using Survey Data to Test Prppositions Regarding Exchange Rate Expectations”, American Economic Review, Vol.77, pp. 133-153.
  • Frankel, Jeffrey A., Kenneth A. Froot, (1989), “Forward Discount Bias: Is it an Exchange Risk Premium?”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 54, pp. 139-161.
  • Frenkel, Jacob A., (1973), "Elasticities and The Interest Parity Theory", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81, No.3, pp. 741 - 747.
  • Frenkel, Jacob A., (1981), “Covered Interest Arbitrage In The 1970’s”, Economics Letter, Vol.8, No.3, pp.267-274.
  • Frenkel, Jacob A., Richard M. Levich, (1975), “Covered Interest Arbitrage: Unexploited Profits?”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 83, No.2, pp. 325-338.
  • Goh, Soo K., Guay C. Lim, Nilss Olekalns, (2006), “Deviations From Uncovered Interest Parity In Malaysia”, Applied Financial Economics, Vol. 16, pp.745-759.
  • Hansen, Lars Peter, Robert J. Hodrick, (1983), “The Risk Averse Speculation in The Forward Foreign Exchange Market: An Econometric Analysis of Linear Models”, NBER Working Paper, No. 0-226-26250-2, pp. 113 -152.
  • Harvey, John T., (2004), "Deviations from Uncovered Interest Rate Parity: A Post Keynesian Explanation", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 19-35.
  • Hodrick, Robert J., Geert Bekaert, (1993), “On Biases in The Meausurement of Foreign Exchange Risks Premiums”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 12, pp. 115-138.
  • Hodrick, Robert J., Sanjay Srivastava, (1984), “An Investigation of Risk and Return in The Forward Foreign Exchange Market”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 3, pp. 5-29.
  • Hui, Cho-Hoi, Hans Genberg, Tsz-Kin Chung, (2011), “Funding Liquidity Risk And Deviations From Interest Rate Parity During The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009”, International Journal of Finance&Economics, Vol.16, No.4, pp.307-407.
  • Ito, Takatoshi, (1986), “Capital Controls And Covered Interest Parity Between The Yen And The Dollar”, The Economic Studies Quarterly, Vol.37, No.3, pp.223-241.
  • Ito, Takatoshi, (1988), "Use of (Time-Domain) Vector Autoregressions To Test Uncovered Interest Parity", The Revew of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 296-305.
  • Ito, Takatoshi, Danny Quah, (1989), “Hypothesis Testing with Restricted Spectral Density Matrices, With An Application to Uncovered Interest Parity”, International Economic Review, Vol. 30, No.1, pp. 203-215.
  • Jiang, Chun, Xiao-Lin Li, hsu-Ling Chang, Chi-Wei Su, (2013), "Uncovered Interest Parity and Risk Premium Convergence in Central and Eastern European Countries", Economic Modellling, Vol. 33, pp. 204-208.
  • Keynes, John M., (1923), A Tract on Monetary Reform, MacMillan and St. Martin's Press for The Royal Economic Society, London.
  • King, Alan, (1998), “Uncovered Interest Parity: New Zealand’s Post-Deregulation Experience”, Applied Financial Economics, Vol.8, pp. 495-503.
  • Korajczyk, Robert A., (1985), “The Pricing of Forward Contracts for Foreign Exchange”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 346-368.
  • Krugman, Paul R., (1991), “Target Zones and Exchange Rate Dynamics”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 669-682.
  • Kupferman, Martin., Levi, Maurice.D., (1978), “Taxation and The International Money Market Investment Decision”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol.34, No.4, pp. 61-64.
  • Lily, Jaratin, Mori Kogid, Mohd Rahimie A. Karim, Rozilee Asid, Dullah Mulok, (2011), “Empirical Testing on Uncovered Interest Rate Parity in Malaysia”, Journal of Applied Finance&Banking, Vol.1, No.2, pp.95-114.
  • Longworth, David, (1981), "Testing The Efficiency of The Canadian-US. Exchange Market Under The Assumption of No Risk Premium", The Journal of Finance, Vol. 36, No.1, pp. 43-49.
  • Lothian, R. James, Liuren Wu, (2011), “Uncovered Interest-Rate Parity Over The Past Two Centuries”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 30, pp. 448-473.
  • MacDonald, Ronald, (2007), Exchange Rate Economics, Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group, London and New York.
  • McAVINCHEY, Ian D., Ronald MacDONALD, (1990), “Some Specification Tests of Uncovered Interest Parity”, Louvain Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 61-78.
  • McCormick, Frank, (1979), "Covered Interest Arbitrage: Unexploited Profits?: Comment", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 411 -417.
  • Olmo, Jose, Keith Pilbeam, (2009), "Uncovered Interest: Are Emprical Rejections of It Valid", Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 24, No.2, pp. 369-389.
  • Omer, Muhammad, Jakob de Haan, Bert Scholtens, (2014), “Testing Uncovered Interest Rate Parity Using LIBOR”, Applied Economics, Vol.46, No.30, pp.3708-3723.
  • Otani, Ichiro, Siddharth Tiwari, (1981), “Capital Controls and Interest Rate Parity. The Japanese Experience,1978-81”, IMF Staff Papers, Vol.28, No.4, pp.793-815.
  • Pedersson, George, Edward Tower, (1979), “On The Long and Short-Run Relationship Between The Forward Rate and The Interest Parity”, Journal of Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 65-77.
  • Phillps, Peter C.B., (1987), "Time Series Regression With A Unit Root", Econometrica, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 277-301.
  • Prachowny, Martin F., (1970), “A Note on Interest Parity and The Supply of Arbitrage Funds”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.78, No.3, pp. 540-545.
  • Ray, Sarbapriya, (2012), “Testing The Validity of Uncovered Interest Rate Parity in India”, Advances in Applied Economics and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 236 – 246.
  • Rowland, Peter, (2002), “Uncovered Interest Parity and The USD/COP Exchange Rate”, Banco de la Republica, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.banrep.gov.co/docum/ftp/borra227.pdf, 02 Nisan 2014.
  • Sargent, Thomas J., (1979), "A Note on Maximum Likelihood Estimation of The Rational Expecttations Model of The Term Structure", Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 133-143.
  • Sarno, Lucio, Mark Taylor, (2002), The Economics of Exchange Rates, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
  • Seyidoğlu, Halil, (2003). Uluslararası İktisat Teori Politika Ve Uygulama, 15. Baskı, İstanbul, Güzem Yayınları.
  • Skinner, Frank S., Andrew Mason, (2011), "Covered Interest Parity in Emerging Markets", International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 20, No.5, pp. 355-363.
  • Suh, Sangwon, Young J. Kim., (2016), “Covered Interest Parity and Arbitrage Paradox In Emerging Markets: Evidence From The Korean Market”, Pasific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol.38, pp. 161-176.
  • Tanner, Evan, (1998), “Deviations From Uncovered Interest Parity: A Global Guide to Where The Action Is”, IMF Working Paper, No.117,
  • Taylor, Mark P, (1987a), "Covered Interest Parity: A High-Frequency, High-Quality Data Study", Economica, Vol. 54, No. 216, pp. 429-438.
  • Taylor, Mark P., (1987b), "Risk Premia and Foreign Exchange: A Multiple Time Series Approach to Testing Uncovered Interest-Rate Parity", Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 123, No.4, pp. 579-591
  • Taylor, Mark P., (1989), "Vector Autoregressive Tests of Uncovered Interest Rate Parity With Allowance For Conditional Heteroscedasticity", Scotish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 238-252.
  • Tse, Yiuman, John K. Wald, (2013), "Insured Uncovered Interest Parity", Finance Research Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 175-183.
  • Wolff, Christian C.P., (1987), “Time-Varying Parameters And The Out-of-Sample Forecasting Performance of Structural Exchange Rate Models”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 87-97.