Nadir görülen primer baş ağrısı sendromları

Primer baş ağrıları migren, gerilim tipi baş ağrısı ve daha az rastlanan küme baş ağrısını içermektedir. Ayrıca bazı sık rastlanmayan primer başağrıları da, Uluslar arası baş ağrısı sınıflamasında (ICHD-II, 2004) “ küme başağrısı ve diğer trigeminal otonomik nevraljiler” (3.bölüm) ve “diğer primer baş ağrıları” (bölüm 4) başlığı altında incelenmiştir. Bu nadir primer baş ağrılarının prevalansı oldukça düşük olduğundan klinik özellikleri, fizyopatolojileri ve tedavileri konusunda veriler yeterli olmayıp, tartışmalar devam etmektedir. ICHD-II’de paroksismal hemikranya (PH) ile konjunktival kızarıklık ve göz yaşarmasının eşlik ettiği, unilateral kısa süreli nevraljifom ağrılar (SUNCT) üçüncü bölümde yer alırken, hemikranya kontinua (HK) otonomik belirtilerin olmasına rağmen, bu belirtilerin ön planda olmaması nedeniyle dördüncü grupta sınıflandırılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ayrıca, az rastlanan diğer primer baş ağrısı sendromları da bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede nadir rastlanan bu primer başağrılarından bazıları ile ilgili bilgiler gözden geçirilecektir. Bu sendromlar seyrek olarak bildirilmelerine rağmen, sıklıkları olasılıkla bilinenden daha yüksektir. Tedavileri de diğer yaygın baş ağrısı sendromlarından farklı olduğundan tanınmaları önem taşımaktadır.

Rare primary headache syndromes

Primary headaches include common forms such as migraine, tension-type headache, and the less frequent cluster headache. Besides, several uncommon primary headaches were included in the section on ‘Cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic neuralgias’ (section 3) and ‘Other primary headaches’ (section 4) in the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II, 2004). Since the prevalences of these uncommon headaches are quite low, datas related to clinical features, physiopathology and management are still controversial. While paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) are listed in the third section, hemicrania continua (HC) with not prominent autonomical signs are classified in the fourth section in the ICHD-II classification. The fourth section also includes other rare primary headache syndromes. In this review, some of the uncommon primary types of headache will be discussed. Even though these headaches are reported seldomly, the prevalences are possibly higher than known. It is of importance to recognize these uncommon disorders, since their management differs from common primary headaches.

___

  • Antonaci F, Sjaastad O: Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH): a review of the clinical manifestations. Headache 1989; (29): 648-656.
  • Boes CJ, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ: Benign cough headache.Cephalalgia 2002; 22: 772-779.
  • Bordini C, Antonaci F, Stovner LJ et al: ‘Hemicrania continua’: a clinical review. Headache 1991; 31: 20-26.
  • Calandre L, Hernandez-Lain A, Lopez-Valdes E: Benign Valsalva’s maneuver-related headache: An MRI study of cases. Headache 1996; 36: 251-253.
  • Casucci G, d’Onofrio F, Torelli P: Rare primary headaches: clinical insights. Neurol Sci 2004; 25: S77–S83.
  • Chakravarty A: Primary headaches associated with sexual ctivitysomeobservations in Indian patients. Cephalalgia. 2005; 26:, 202–207.
  • Chen Y, Lirng J, Fuh J, Chang FC, Cheng HC, Wang SJ: Primary cough headache is associated with posterior fossa crowdedness: A morphometric MRI study. Cephalalgia 2004; 24: 694-699.
  • Cohen AS, Kaube H: Rare nocturnal headaches. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17: 295–299.
  • Cutrer MF, Bose CJ: Cough, exertional and sex headaches. Neurol Clin N Am 2004; 22: 133-149.
  • D’Andrea G, Granella F, Cadaldini M: Possible usefulness of lamotrigine in the treatment of SUNCT syndrome. Neurology. 1999; 53: 16.
  • De Simone R, Marano E, Ranieri A, Bonavita V: Hypnic headache: an update. Neurol Sci 2006; 27: S144-S148.
  • Dodick DW, Brown RD Jr, Britton JW, Huston J: 3rd. Nonaneurysmal thunderclap headache with diffuse, multifocal, segmental, and reversible vasospasm. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 118-123.
  • Dodick DW, Michael Jones J, Capobianco DJ: Hypnic headache: another indomethacin-responsive headache syndrome? Headache 2000; 40: 830-835.
  • Dodick DW, Mosek AC, Campbell JK: The hypnic (“alarm clock”) headache syndrome. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 152-156.
  • Dodick DW: Polysomnography in hypnic headache syndrome. Headache 2000; 40: 748-752.
  • Ducros A: Thunderclap headache. Rev Neurol 2005; 161:713-715.
  • Evans RW, Boes CJ: Spontaneous low cerebrospinal fluid pressure syndrome can mimic primary cough headache. Headache 2005; 45: 374-377.
  • Evers S, Goadsby PJ: Hypnic headache: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment. Neurology 2003; 60: 905-909.
  • Evers S, Schmidt O, Frese A, Husstedt IW, Ringelstein EB: The cerebral hemodynamics of headache associated with sexual activity. Pain 2003; 102: 73-78.
  • Ferrante E, Savino A: Thunderclap headache caused by spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Neurol Sci 2005; 26 (Suppl 2): s155-s157.
  • Fodden DI, Peatfield RC, Milsom PL: Beware the patient with a headache in the accident and emergency department. Arch Emerg Med 1989; 6: 7-12.
  • Frese A, Eikermann A, Frese K et al: Headache associated with sexual activity: demography, clinical features, and comorbidity. Neurology 2003; 61: 796-800.
  • Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L: Neuropeptide changes in a case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania - evidence for trigemino-parasympathetic activation. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 448-450.
  • Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB: A review of paroxysmal hemicranias, SUNCT syndrome and other short-lasting headaches with autonomic features, including new cases. Brain 1997; 120: 193-209.
  • Grosberg BM, Lipton RB, Solomon S, Ballaban-Gil K: Hypnic headache in childhood? A case report. Cephalalgia. 2005; 25: 68-70.
  • Gupta V: Is benign cough headache caused by intraocular haemodynamic aberration? Med Hypotheses 2004; 62: 45-48.
  • Hannerz J, Jogestrand T: Intracranial hypertension and sumatriptan efficacy on a case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania which became bilateral. (The mechanism of indomethacin in CPH). Headache 1993(33): 320-323.
  • Harling DW, Peatfi eld RC, Van Hille PT et al: Thunderclap headache: is it migraine? Cephalalgia 1989; 9: 87-90.
  • Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition. Cephalalgia 2004; 24 (Suppl 1): 1-160.
  • Heckman JG, Hilz MJ, Muck-Weymann M, Neundorfer B: Benign exertional headache and benign sexual headache: a disorder of myogenic cerebrovascular autoregulation? Headache 1997; 37:597-598.
  • Irimia P, Barbosa C, Martinez-Vila E: Paroxysmal hemicrania after carotid aneurysm embolization. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 1096-1098.
  • Klein JP, Kostina-O’Neil Y, Lesser RL: Neuro-ophthalmologic presentations of hemicrania continua. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:88-92.
  • Koseoglu E, Karaman Y, Kucuk S, Arman F: SUNCT syndrome associated with compression of trigeminal nerve. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 473-475.
  • Kudrow DB, Kudrow L: Successful aspirin prophylaxis in a child with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. Headache 1989; 29: 280-281.
  • Kudrow L, Esperanca P, Vijayan N: Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania? Cephalalgia 1987; (7): 197-201.
  • Kuhn J, Kuhn KF, Cooper-Mahkorn D, Bewermeyer H: Remitting form of hemicrania continua: two new cases exhibiting one unusual autonomic feature. Headache 2005; 45: 759-762.
  • Kuhn J, Vosskaemper M, Bewermeyer H: SUNCT syndrome: a possible bilateral case responding to topiramate. Neurology 2005; 64: 2159.
  • Lance JW: Headache related to sexual activity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 1126-1130.
  • Lance JW: When sex is a headache. Editorial. BMJ 1991; 303: 202-203.
  • Landtblom AM, Boivie J, Fridriksson S et al: Thunderclap headache: final results from a prospective study of consecutive cases. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; 167 (suppl 94): 23-24.
  • Lay CL, Newman LC: Post-traumatic hemicrania continua. Headache 1999; 39: 275-279.
  • Leone M, Franzini A, D’Andrea G et al: Deep brain stimulation to relieve drug-resistant SUNCT. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 924-927.
  • Lewis D, Gozzo Y, Avner M: The “Other” Primary Headaches in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33: 303-313.
  • Linn FHH, Rinkel GJE, Algra A et al: Follow-up of idiopathic thunderclap headache in general practice. J Neurol 1999; 246: 946-948.
  • Linn FHH, Wijdicks EFM, van der Graaf Y et al: Prospective study of sentinel headache in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 1994; 344: 590-593.
  • Lu SR, Liao YC, Fuh JL, et al: Nimodipine for treatment of primary thunderclap headache. Neurology 2004; 62: 1414-1416.
  • Markus H: A prospective follow up of thunderclap headache mimicking subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 1117-1118.
  • Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ et al: Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache 2004;44: 747-761.
  • Mathew NT: Indomethacin responsive headache syndromes. Headache 1981; 21: 147-150.
  • May A, Bahra A, Buchel C, et al: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous attacks of SUNCT: short-lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Ann Neurol 1999; 46: 791-794.
  • Medrano V, Mallada J, Sempere AP et al: Primary cough headache responsive to topiramate. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 627-628.
  • Morgenstern LB, Luna-Gonzales H, Huber JC et al: Worst headache and subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective, modern computed tomography and spinal fluid analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32: 297-304.
  • Narbone MC, Gangemi S, Abbate M: A case of SUNCT syndrome responsive to verapamil. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 476-478.
  • Newman LC, Goadsby P, Lipton RB: Cluster and related headaches. Med Clinics N Am 2001; 85: 997-1016.
  • Newman LC, Lipton RB, Solomon S: The hypnic headache syndrome: a benign headache disorder of the elderly. Neurology 1990; 40: 1904-1905.
  • Palmieri A, Mainardi F, Maggioni F et al: Hemicrania continua evolving from migraine with aura: clinical evidence of a possible correlation between two forms of primary headache. Cephalalgia 2004; 24: 1007-1008.
  • Pareja JA, Antonaci F, Vincent M: The hemicrania continua diagnosis. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 940-946.
  • Pascual J, Iglesias F, Oterino A, et al: Cough, exertional, and sexual headaches: an analysis of 72 benign and symptomatic cases. Neurology 1996; 46: 1520-1524.
  • Pascual J: Primary cough headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005; 9: 272-276.
  • Paulson GW, Klawns HL: Benign orgasmic cephalgia. Headache 1974; 13: 181-187.
  • Peatfield RC, Mendoza ND: Posterior fossa meningioma presenting as hypnic headache. Headache 2003; 43: 1007-1008.
  • Peres MFP, Silberstein SD, Nahmias S, et al: Hemicrania continua is not that rare. Neurology 2001; 57: 948-951.
  • Rajabally YA, Jacob S: Hemicrania continua responsive to verapamil. Headache 2005; 45: 1082-1083.
  • Raskin NH: Short-lived head pains. Neurologic Clinics 1997; 15: 143-152.
  • Raskin NH: The cough headache syndrome: treatment. Neurology 1995; 45: 1784.
  • Raskin NH: The hypnic headache syndrome. Headache 1988; 28: 534-536.
  • Rasmussen BK, Olesen J: Symptomatic and nonsymptomatic headaches in a general population. Neurology 1992; 42: 1225-1231.
  • Rooke ED: Benign exertional headache. Med Clin N Am 1968; 52: 801-808.
  • Rossi P, Di Lorenzo G, Faroni J, Sauli E: Seasonal, extratrigeminal, episodic paroxysmal hemicrania successfully treated with single suboccipital steroid injections. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12: 903-906.
  • Rozen TD, Saper JR, Sheftell FD, Dodick DW: Clomiphene citrate as a new treatment for SUNCT: hormonal manipulation for hypothalamic-influenced trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Headache 2005; 45: 754-756.
  • Sanahuja J, Vazquez P, Falguera M: Paroxysmal hemicrania-tic syndrome responsive to acetazolamide. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 547-549.
  • Sandrini G, Tassorelli C, Ghiotto N and Nappi G: Uncommon primary headaches. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 299-304.
  • Sands G, Newman L, Lipton R: Cough, exertional, and other miscellaneous headaches. Med Clin North Am 1991; 75: 733-747.
  • Schlegel D, Cucchiara B: Orgasmic headache with transient basilar artery vasospasm. Headache 2004; 44: 710-712.
  • Schwedt TJ, Manjit S Matharu MS, David W Dodick DW: Thunderclap headache. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 621-631.
  • Silbert PL, Edis RH, Stewart-Wynne EG, Gubbay SS: Benign vascular sexual headache and exertional headache:interrelationships and long term prognosis. J Neurol 1991; 54: 417-421.
  • Sjaastad O, Antonaci F: A piroxicam derivative partially effective in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua. Headache. 1995; 35: 549-550.
  • Sjaastad O, Dale I: A new (?) Clinical headache entity “chronic paroxysmal hemicrania” 2. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 54: 140-159.
  • Sjaastad O, Dale I: Evidence for a new (?) Treatable headache entity. Headache 1974; 14: 105-108.
  • Sjaastad O, Spierings EL: ‘Hemicrania continua’: another headache absolutely responsive to indomethacin. Cephalalgia 1984; 4: 65-70.
  • Sjaastad O, Stovner LJ, Stolt- Nielsen A, Antonaci F, Fredriksen TA: CPH and hemicrania continua: requirements of high indomethacin dosages-an ominous sign? Headache 1995; 35: 363-367.
  • Slivka A, Philbrook B: Clinical and angiographic features of thunderclap headache. Headache 1995; 35: 1-6.
  • Sprenger T, Valet M, Platzer S et al: SUNCT: bilateral hypothalamic activation during headache attacks and resolving of symptoms after trigeminal decompression. Pain 2005; 113: 422-426.
  • Stein HJ, Rogado AZ: Headache rounds. Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania: two new patients. Headache 1980; 20: 72-76.
  • Symonds C: Cough headache. Brain 1956; 79: 557-568.
  • Valenca MM, Valenca LP, Bordini CA et al: Cerebral vasospasm and headache during sexual intercourse and masturbatory orgasms. Headache 2004; 44: 244-248.
  • van der Wee N, Rinkel GJE, Hasan D et al: Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage on early CT: is lumbar puncture still needed after a negative scan? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58: 357-359.
  • Vikelis M, Xifaras M, Mitsikostas DD: SUNCT syndrome in the elderly. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 1091-1092.
  • Wardlaw JM, White PM: The detection and management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Brain 2000; 123: 205-21.
  • Wijdicks EFM, Kerkhoff H, Van Gijn J: Long-term follow-up of 71 patients with thunderclap headache mimicking subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1988; 2: 68-70.
  • Zidverc-Trajkovic J, Mijajlovic M, Pavlovic AM et al: Vertebral artery vascular loop in SUNCT and concomitant trigeminal neuralgia. Case report Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 554-557.
  • Zidverc-Trajkovic J, Pavlovic AM, Mijajlovic M et al: Cluster headache and paroxysmal hemicrania: differential diagnosis. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 241-243.