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• WTO International Trade Statistics (2011a) reveal that in 2010 Turkey was twenty- second leading exporter of manufactures in the world with a share of 1 percent and a value of 114 billion dollars, and fifteenth largest importer with a share of 1.5 percent and a value of 186 billion dollars (counting the EU-27 as one). In services trade, Tur- key amounts to a share of 1.2 percent (33 billion dollars). and 0.7 percent (18 billion dollars) in exports and imports in 2010 ranking sixteen and twenty-four, respectively.
• WTO International Trade Statistics (2011a) reveal that in 2010 Turkey was twenty- second leading exporter of manufactures in the world with a share of 1 percent and a value of 114 billion dollars, and fifteenth largest importer with a share of 1.5 percent and a value of 186 billion dollars (counting the EU-27 as one). In services trade, Tur- key amounts to a share of 1.2 percent (33 billion dollars). and 0.7 percent (18 billion dollars) in exports and imports in 2010 ranking sixteen and twenty-four, respectively.
• For a detailed analysis of the CU Decision see, Kabaalioğlu (1998).
• This caused an important dispute settlement case in textiles in the WTO, after a complaint by India against Turkey. See, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ dispu_e/cases_e/ds34_e.htm for facts of the dispute. This matter shall be analysed subsequently. Turkey was allowed to maintain higher rates of protection in specified sensitive pro- ducts until 2001, as an exception to its alignment of the CCT.
• İzmen and Yılmaz (2009) go further to claim that as well as its effect on Turkey in making her to come more into line with the market forces, the CU also helped Tur- key to resist the East Asian and Russian crises of the 1990s, and the global recession in 2008, without which it would have been very difficult for Turkey to overcome
• (p.176). However, the CU did not eliminate the effects of these crisis and did not prevente Turkish economy from experiencing another crisis in 2011, but did trans- form Turkish industries to become more resistant to external shocks.
• Several countries including Turkey urged the WTO under the so-called Istanbul Declaration to extend the deadline for implementation of the final integration stage to December 31, 2007 with regard to the WTO Textiles and Clothing Agreement.
• The idea behind the initiative was to prevent job losses and business bankruptcies due to massive trade associated with the ending of current textile trade regime in 2005.
• For the petition Istanbul Declaration Ragarding Fair Trade in Textiles and Clothing presented to the WTO Director General see, www.ncto.org/quota/Idec.pdf (retrie- ved on 16 April 2011).
• This ratio is over the worlds average of manufactured products to total exports, accor- ding to World Bank figures. Actually when revision is made for the period of 2007-2009 to eliminate the effects of the global economic and financial crisis, Turkey ranks the first in its group. TEPAV (2011a: 2). TEPAV (2011b: 5).
• See, http://www.sanayi.gov.tr/Files/Documents/sanayi_stratejisi_belgesi_2011_2014. pdf for the Document. (retrieved on 18 April 2011).
• For more on Turkey’s competitive position see, Seymen (2009).
• MFN TTRI denotes the tariff that when uniformly applied accross the entire (MFN only) tariff Schedule would keep total imports at the observed level. The TTRI helps to capture the protectionist aspect of a countrys non-discriminatory trade policy. See, World Trade Indicators 2009/10 database (country-level Trade Briefs and Trade-at-a-Glance Tables) available at: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti/docs/
• Briefstaags.htm (retrieved on 18 April 2011)
• WTO (2012, p. viii) notes that the import regime for industrial goods is de facto more open, as CU and FTAs provides many of Turkey’s trading partners a duty-free access.
• For a more detailed analysis of the debate concerning the implications of the EUs FTA regime on Turkey-EU relations and Turkish trade regime, see Akman (2010).
• Hilary, J. (2005, p. 12). The Doha Deindustrialisation Agenda: Non-Agricultural Market
• Access Negotiations at the WTO, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ ngo_e/posp47_nama_e.pdf (retrieved on 10 May 2011). For a recent review of
• NAMA negotiations see, Low and Santana (2009).
• The fourth revision draft text is TN/MA/W/103/Rev.3, on 6 December 2008. For current state of NAMA negotiations, see TN/MA/W/103/Rev.3/Add.1, on 21 April Yaman (2008:177). Yaman (2008:182-184).
• July 2006. They further stressed that no modalities in agriculture can be acceptable which do not fully reflect the expectations of the vast bulk of developing count- ries in the WTO on SPs and SSM. See, http://www.tradeobservatory.org/library. cfm?refID=88374 (retrieved on 14 May 2011).
• For more on Turkey’s position in WTO in agriculture see, Çakmak and Akder (2005).
• See, WTO Document TN/S/O/TUR/Rev.1 on 29 September 2005 for Turkish
• Revised Conditional Offer on Services. The Fifth Meeting of the WTO Coordination Committee in Turkey, held on 12 April 2006, available at: http://www.dtm.gov.tr/dtmadmin/upload/ANL/CokTaraf- liAnlasmaDb/KitapcikNisan2006.doc (retrieved on 16 May 2011).
• Named after WTO Document TN/C/W/52, a proposal for “modalities” in negotia- tions on geographical indications (the multilateral register for wines and spirits, and “disclosure” in biological diversity. WTO Document TN/TF/W/45 The document is accessible via: http://docsonline. wto.org/gen_search.asp?searchmode=simple For a detailed analysis of Turkey’s approach in TF, see (Oğuz, 2008).
• See, WTO figures available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/ad_init_ rep_member_e.pdf (retrieved on 19 May 2011).
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