Effect of Industrial Refining Process on Fatty Acid, Sterol, Volatile Compound Profile and 3-MCPD Ester Content of Canola and Corn Oils

The study reports the changes in fatty acid and sterol composition; as well as volatile and 3-MCPD ester content of two commercial vegetable oils at different steps of refining process. Canola and corn oils were collected from neutralization, bleaching, winterization and deodorization stages of a chemical refining plant and oil samples were evaluated for fatty acid, sterol, volatile compounds and 3-MCPD ester contents. Results have shown that total sterol contents decreased throughout the process by 15.22% and 42.57% for canola and corn oils, respectively. Total volatiles of canola oil decreased gradually during refining, however corn oil had significant increases at bleaching step. 3-MCPD ester contents were between 0.19-0.26 mg kg-1 for corn and 0.20-0.48 mg kg-1 for canola oils. Deodorization was found to be the most influential refining stage for formation of 3-MCPD esters.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

3-MCPD ester, fatty acid, refining, sterol, volatile compounds

Effect of Industrial Refining Process on Fatty Acid, Sterol, Volatile Compound Profile and 3-MCPD Ester Content of Canola and Corn Oils

Keywords:

3-MCPD ester, fatty acid, refining, sterol, volatile compounds,

PDF

___

Alpaslan M, Tepe S, Simsek O (2001) Effect of Refining Processes on the Total and individual Tocopherol Content in Sunflower Oil. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 36: 737-739.
AOCS (2003) Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society AOCS Press, Champaign. 2003. Bachari-Saleh Z, Ezzatpanah H, Aminafshar M, Safafar H (2013) The effect of refining process on the conjugated dienes in soybean oil. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 15: 1185-1193.
Bortolomeazzi R, Cordaro F, Pizzale L, Conte LS (2003) Presence of phytosterol oxides in crude vegetable oils and their fate during refining. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 2394-2401.
Craft BD, Nagy K, Sandoz L, Destaillats F (2012) Factors impacting the formation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 29: 354-361.
DGF (2009) German Standard Methods for the Analysis of Fats and other Lipids: C-VI 18 (10) A & B, Ester-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD Esters) and glycidol (glycidyl esters): Determination in fats and oils by GC-MS, WVG. 2009.
El-Mallah MH, El-Shami SM, Hassanien MMM, Abdel-Razek AG (2011) Effect of Chemical Refining Steps on the Minor and Major Components of Cottonseed Oil. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2: 341-349.
Farhoosh R, Einafshar S, Sharayei P (2009) The Effect of Commercial Refining Steps on the Rancidity Measures of Soybean and Canola Oils. Food Chemistry 115: 933–938.
Ferrari RA, Schulte E, Esteves W, Bruhl L, Mukherjee KD (1996) Minor Constituents of Vegetable Oils during Industrial Processing. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 73: 587–592.
Garcia A, Ruiz-Méndez MV, Romero C, Brenes M (2006) Effect of Refining on the Phenolic Composition of Crude Olive Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 83: 159-164.
Hamama AA, Bhardwaj HL, Starner DE (2003) Genotype and Growing Location Effects on Phytosterols in Canola Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 80: 1121–1126.
Hoed VV, Depaemelaere G, Ayala JV, Santiwattana P, Verhé R, Greyt WD (2006) Influence of Chemical Refining on the Major And Minor Components of Rice Bran Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83: 315–321.
IUPAC (1987) Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivates, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 7th ed. IUPAC Method 2.301, Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1987.
Johansson A, Hoffmann I (1979) The Effect of Processing on the Content and Composition of Free Sterols And Sterol Esters in Soybean Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 56: 886–889.
Jung MY, Yoon SH, Min DB (1989) Effect of Processing Steps on the Contents of Minor Compounds and of Soybean Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 66: 118–120.
Karabulut I, Topcu A, Yorulmaz A, Tekin A, Ozay DS (2005) Effects of the Industrial Refining Process on Some Properties of Hazelnut Oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107: 476–480.
Kraljić K, Škevin D, Barišić L, Kovačević M, Obranović M, Jurčević I (2015) Changes in 4-Vinylsyringol and Other Phenolics During Rapeseed Oil Refining. Food Chemistr, 187: 236–242.
Krishna AG, Khatoon GS, Shiela PM, Sarmandal CV, Indira TN, Mishra A (2001) Effect of Refining of Crude Rice Bran Oil on the Retention of Oryzanol in the Refined Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 78: 127–131.
Kuhlmann J (2011) Determination of Bound 2, 3‐Epoxy‐1‐Propanol (Glycidol) and Bound Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in Refined Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113: 335-344.
Qizhi L, Yonghui H, Haiyan Z, Bedgood Jr DR, Prenzler PD, Robards K (2008) The Quality and Volatile‐Profile Changes of Camellia Oil (Camellia Oleifera Abel) Following Bleaching. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110: 768-775.
Mariod A, Matthäus B, Eichner K, Hussein IH (2006) Effects of Processing on the Quality and Stability of Three Unconventional Sudanese Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108: 298–308.
Matthäus B, Pudel F, Fehling P, Vosmann K, Freudenstein A (2011) Strategies for the Reduction of 3‐MCPD Esters and Related Compounds in Vegetable Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113: 380-386.
Naz S, Sherazi STH, Talpur FN (2011) Changes of Total Tocopherol and Tocopherol Species during Sunflower Oil Processing. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88: 127–132.
Ortega-García J, Gámez-Meza N, Noriega-Rodriguez JA, Dennis-Quiñonez O, García-Galindo HS, Angulo-Guerrero JO (2006) Medina-Juárez, L.A., Refining of High Oleic Safflower Oil: Effect on the Sterols and Tocopherols Content. European Food Research and Technology 223: 775–779.
Petrauskaitè V, Greyt WFD, Kellens MJ (2000) Physical Refining of Coconut Oil: Effect of Crude Oil Quality and Deodorization Conditions on Neutral Oil Loss. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 77: 581–586.
Pudel F, Benecke P, Fehling P, Freudenstein A, Matthäus B, Schwaf A (2011) on the Necessity of Edible Oil Refining and Possible Sources of 3‐MCPD and Glycidyl Esters. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 113: 368-373.
Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Núñez-Gastélum JA, Mora-López GS, López-Hernández J, Paseiro-Losada P (2015) Effect of the Refining Process on Moringa Oleifera Seed Oil Quality. Food Chemistry 187: 53–57.
Tasan M, Demirci, M (2003) Trans FA in Sunflower Oil at Different Steps of Refining. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 80: 825– 828.
Tasan M, Demirci M (2005) Total and Individual Tocopherol Contents of Sunflower Oil at Different Steps of Refining. European Food Research and Technology 220: 251–254.
Teixeira VH, Casal S, Oliveira MBPP (2007) PAHs Content in Sunflower, Soybean and Virgin Olive Oils: Evaluation in Commercial Samples and During Refining Process. Food Chemisty 104: 106–112. Tubaileh RM, Garrido-Fernández A, Ruiz-Mendez MV, León-Camacho M, Graciani-Constante E (2002) Effects of Physical Refining on Content o Waxes and Fatty Alcohols of Refined Olive Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 79: 101–104.
Turkish Food Codex (2012) Communique on Edible Vegetable Oils Called by Plant Names. The Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey, Number 28262, 12 April 2012
Wei J, Chen L, Qiu X, Hu W, Sun H, Chen X, Bai Y, Gu X, Wang C, Chen H, Hu R, Zhang H, Shen G (2015) Optimizing Refining Temperatures to Reduce the loss of Essential Fatty Acids and Bioactive Compounds in Tea Seed Oil, Food and Bioproducts Processing. Food and Bioproducts Processing 94: 136–146.
Wang T, Johnson LA (2001) Refining High-Free Fatty Acid Wheat Germ Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 78: 71–76. Verleyen T, Sosinska U, Ioannidou S, Verhe R, Dewettinck K, Huyghebaert A, Greyt WD (2002) Influence of the Vegetable Oil Refining Process on Free and Esterified Sterols. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 79: 947–953.