Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi: Yeni Bir İdeoloji

“Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi’nin hegemonik yorumu, hızlı teknolojik gelişmeleri cesur, yeni bir sanayi devrimi olarak resmediyor. Yerel ve küresel olarak sosyal, politik, kültürel ve ekonomik kurumların bütününde böyle bir devrime dair çok az kanıt olduğundan, odak noktası bu ideolojik çerçevenin dünya çapındaki sosyal ve ekonomik seçkinlerin çıkarlarını ilerletmek için nasıl işlediğine çevrilmelidir. Bu makale, Dünya Ekonomik Forumu’nun ve temsil ettiği çıkarların başlıca entelektüeli olarak Klaus Schwab’ın bu ideolojiyi nasıl formüle ettiğini ve yaydığını incelemektedir. Makale, “Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi” çerçevesinin, Washington sonrası mutabakat döneminin olumsal neoliberalizmini desteklediğini ve bu nedenle, “cesur yeni bir dünya” anlatısıyla küreselleşen dünya düzeninin süregelen düşüşünü karartmaya hizmet ettiğini savunuyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hegemonya, ideoloji, Sanayi Devrimi, bilgi teknolojisi, BİT, neoliberalizm, teknolojik rasyonalite, Dünya Ekonomik Forumu

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A New Ideology

The hegemonic construal of the Fourth Industrial Revolution portrays the rapid technological developments as a bold, new Industrial Revolution. Due to the sparse evidence of any such revolution across the totality of social, political, cultural, and economic institutions locally and globally, the focus must turn to how this ideological framework functions to further the interests of social and economic elites worldwide. This article examines how Klaus Schwab, as the principal intellectual of the World Economic Forum and the interests it represents, has formulated and disseminated this ideology. The article argues the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to bolster the contingent neoliberalism of the post-Washington consensus period, and therefore it serves to obscure the continuing decline of the globalized world order with the narrative of a brave new world.

Keywords:

hegemony, ideology, Industrial Revolution, information technology, ICTs, neoliberalism, technological rationality, World Economic Forum,

PDF

___

Aalbers, M. (2013). “Neoliberalism is dead... long live neoliberalism!”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37 (3): 1083-1090. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12065 google scholar
Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press. google scholar
Althusser, L. (1969). For Marx. New York: Pantheon. google scholar
Arrighi, G. (1994). The Long Twentieth Century. London: Verso. google scholar
Barrett, P., and Dorothée Baumann-P. (2019). Made in Ethiopia: Challenges in the Garment Industry’s New Frontier [report]. New York University: Stern Centre for Business and Human Rights. (2022). Human Rights, https://humanrights.wbcsd.org/project/madein-ethiopia-challenges-in-the-garment-industrys-new-frontier/ Accessed February 1, 2022. google scholar
Beckert, S. (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. google scholar
Benyera, E. (2021). The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Recolonisation of Africa: The Coloniality of Data. London: Routledge. google scholar
Bilic, P. (2018). “A critique of the political economy of algorithms: a brief history of google’s technological rationality”. triple C: Communication, Capitalism and Critique 16(1): 315-331. doi:10.31269/vol16iss1pp315-331 google scholar
Bythell, D. (1983). Cottage Industry and the Factory System. History Today 33 (4): 1723. google scholar
Carnoy, M. and Manuel Castells. 2001. Globalization, the Knowledge Society, and the Network State: Poulantzas at the Millennium. Global Networks 1 (1): 1-18. doi:10.1111/1471-0374.00002 google scholar
Castells, M. (2018). Rupture: The Crisis of Liberal Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press. google scholar
Castells, M. (2004). Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. London: Edward Elgar. google scholar
Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. google scholar
Castells, M. (1999). “Information technology, globalization and social development”. Discussion Paper No. 114. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. google scholar
Chomsky, N. (1999). Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and the World Order. New York: Seven Stories. google scholar
Davies, W. (2016). The Limits of Neoliberalism: Authority, Sovereignty and the Logic of Competition. London: Sage. google scholar
Dattel, E. (2009). Cotton and Race in America (1787-1930): The Human Price of Economic Growth. Chicago: Ivan Dee. google scholar
Delanty, G. and Neal H. (2021). “Critical theory and the question of technology: the frankfurt school revisited”. Thesis Eleven 166 (1): 88-108. doi:10.1177/07255136211002055 google scholar
Dyer-Witheford, N. (1999). Cyber-Marx. Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. google scholar
Evans, P. (2019). “Counterhegemonic globalization: transnational social movements in the contemporary political economy”. In Frank Lechner and John Boli (eds.), The Globalization Reader, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 550-556. google scholar
Fromm, E. (1961). Marx’s Concept ofMan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. google scholar
Fuchs, C. (2018). “Industry 4.0: the digital german ideology”. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism and Critique 16 (1): 280-289. doi:10.31269/triplec.v16i1.1010 google scholar
George, S. (1976). How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World Hunger. Harmondsworth: Penguin. google scholar
Gillwald, A. (2019). South Africa is Caught in the Global Hype of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Conversation, August 20. https://theconversation.com/south- africa-is-caught-in-the-global-hype-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution121189, Accessed February 6, 2022 google scholar
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers. google scholar
Hall, S. (1980). Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance. In UNESCO (ed.). Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism, Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 305-345. google scholar
Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
Harvey, R. (2017). The ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’: Potential and Risks for Africa. The Conversation, 30 March. https://theconversation.com/the-fourth-industrial- revolution-potential-and-risks-for-africa-75313 google scholar
Hobsbawm, E. (1962). The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. google scholar
Horkheimer, M. and Adorno, T. (1944/2002). The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception. In Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. 94-136. google scholar
IFR (International Federation of Robotics). (2021). IFR Presents World Robotics Report 2021. google scholar
Press release, October 28, Frankfurt. https://ifr.org/ifr-pressreleases/news/robot-sales-rise-again, Accessed February 1, 2022. google scholar
ILO (International Labour Organization). (2021). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work. January 25, 2022. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/ briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf, Accessed February 1 google scholar
ILO. (2019a). The Future of Work in Textiles, Clothing, Leather and Footwear. Working Paper No. 326. Geneva: ILO Sectoral Policies Department. google scholar
ILO. (2019b). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2019. Geneva: ILO. google scholar
ILO. (2018). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2018. Geneva: ILO. google scholar
ILO. (2017). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2017. Geneva: ILO. google scholar
ILO. (2016). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2016. Geneva: ILO. google scholar
Jevons, S. (1931). “The second industrial revolution”. The Economic Journal 41 (161):1-18. doi:10.2307/2224131 google scholar
Jones, P. (2021). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. London: Verso. Kasriel, S. (2019). What the next 20 years will mean for jobs - and how to prepare. google scholar
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos, Switzerland, 22-25 January. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/jobs-of-next-20-years-howto-prepare/, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Kayembe, C. and Nel. D. (2019). “Challenges and opportunities for education in the fourth industrial revolution”. African Journal of Public Affairs 11 (3): 79-94. google scholar
Klein, N. (2020). The Great Reset Conspiracy Smoothie. The Intercept, 8 December. https://theintercept. com/2020/12/08/great-reset-conspiracy/, Accessed February 1, 2022. google scholar
Koop, A. (2021). Mapped: The 25 Poorest Countries in the World. Visual Capitalist. https://www. visualcapitalist.com/, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Kozul-Wright, R. (2018). Neoliberalism has captured the digital revolution. El País: El Periódico Global, October 30. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/10/30/inenglish/1540909557_656379. html, Accessed February 6, 2022. google scholar
Lakoff, G. (2016). Understanding Trump. George Lakoff [Blog], June 23. https://georgelakoff.com/2016/07/23/understanding-trump-2/, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Lakoff, G. (2008). The Political Mind: A Cognitive Scientist’s Guide to Your Brain and its Politics. New York: Penguin. google scholar
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The EmbodiedMind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books. google scholar
Lakoff, G. And Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. and Hinton, G. (2015). Deep Learning. Nature 521, 436444. doi:10.1038/nature14539 google scholar
Marcuse, H. (1972). Counterrevolution and Revolt. Boston: Beacon Press. google scholar
Marcuse, H. (1969). An Essay on Liberation. Boston: Beacon Press. google scholar
Marcuse, H. (1964). One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Boston: Beacon Press. google scholar
Marwala, T. (2020). Covid-19 Has Forced Us into the Fast Lane of the 4IR Super-Highway. Daily Maverick, May 28. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2020-05- 28-covid-19-has-forced-us-into-the-fast-lane-of-the-4ir-super-highway/, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Marx, K. (1859/1977). A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Marx/Engels Internet Archive. google scholar
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm Mirowski, P. (2014). How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown.
London: Verso. google scholar
Moll, I. (2021a). “The myth of the fourth industrial revolution”. Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 68 (167): 1-38. doi:10.3167/th.2021.6816701 google scholar
Moll, I. (2021b). “The Myth of the fourth industrial revolution: implications for teacher education”. In Felix Maringe (ed.), Higher Education in the Melting Pot: Emerging Discourses of the 4IR and Decolonisation. Cape Town: Aosis. 91-110. google scholar
Morgan, J. (2019). “Will we work in twenty-first century capitalism? a critique of the fourth industrial revolution literature”. Economy and Society 48 (3): 371-398. doi:10.1080/03085147.2019.1620027 google scholar
Neubauer, R. (2011). “Neoliberalism in the information age, or vice versa? global citizenship, technology, and hegemonic ideology”. triple C: Communication, Capitalism and Critique 9 (2): 195-230. doi:10.31269/triplec.v9i2.238 Nijman, J. And Wei, Y. (2020). “Urban inequalities in the 21st century economy”. Applied Geography 117: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102188. google scholar
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2019). OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work. Paris: OECD Publishing. google scholar
Ostry, J., Loungani, P. and Furceri, D. (2016). Neoliberalism: Oversold? Finance and Development (June): 38-41. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2016/06/pdf/ostry.pdf, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Pellizzoni, L. And Ylonen, M. (eds). (2012). Introduction. In Neoliberalism and Technoscience: Critical Assessments, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 1-26. google scholar
Peters, M. (2017). “Technological unemployment: educating for the fourth industrial revolution”. Educational Philosophy and Theory 49 (1): 1-6. doi:10.1080/00131857.2016.1177412 google scholar
Reischauer, G. (2018). “Industry 4.0 as policy-driven discourse to institutionalize innovation systems in manufacturing”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 132: 26-33. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.02.012 google scholar
Rifkin, J. (2016). “The 2016 world economic forum misfires with its fourth industrial revolution theme”. Industry Week, January 16. google scholar
Rifkin, J. (2014). The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: St. Martin’s Press. google scholar
Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, The Economy, and the World. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. google scholar
Rifkin, J. (1995). The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of The Post-Market Era. New York: Putnam. google scholar
Salamini, L. (1974). “Gramsci and marxist sociology of knowledge: an analysis of hegemony-ideology-knowledge”. Sociological Quarterly 15 (3): 359-380. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1974.tb00900.x google scholar
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum. google scholar
Soper, K. (1986). Humanism and Anti-Humanism. London: Hutchinson. google scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2019a). After Neoliberalism. Project Syndicate, May 30. https://www.prqject-syndicate.org/commentary/after-neoliberalism-progressivecapitalism-by- joseph-e-stiglitz-2019-05, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2019b). The End of Neoliberalism and the Rebirth of History. Social Europe, google scholar
November 26. https://sqcialeurqpe.eu/the-end-qf-neqliberalism-and-the-rebirth-qf-histqry, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2015). The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them. New York: Norton. google scholar
Studley, M. (2021). “Onshoring through automation: perpetuating inequality?” Frontiers in Robotics andAI, 17 June. doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.634297 google scholar
Sutherland, Ewan. 2020. The Fourth Industrial Revolution - The Case of South Africa. Politikon 47 (2), 233-252. doi:10.1080/02589346.2019.1696003 google scholar
Thompson, E.P. (1978). The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press. google scholar
Thompson, E.P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. London: Victor Gollancz. google scholar
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). (2019). Nature-like and Convergent Technologies Driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution [report]. Vienna: UNIDO. google scholar
Van de Velde, W., ed. (1993). Toward Learning Robots. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. google scholar
Wallerstein, I. (2004). “The dilemmas of open space: the future of the WSF”. International Social Science Journal 56 (182): 629-637. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8701.2004.00522.x google scholar
WEF. (2021). The Davos Agenda. https://www.wefqrum.qrg/events/the-davqs-agenda-2021, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
WEF. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018. Geneva: World Economic Forum. google scholar
WEF. (2016). The Future of Jobs Report 2016. Geneva: World Economic Forum. google scholar
Williams, E. (1944/1994). Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. google scholar
Wits University. (2018). #SA4IR to Explore How The 4th Industrial Revolution Could Shape google scholar
SA. September 5. https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latestnews/research-news/2018/2018-09/sa4ir-to-explore-how-the-4th-industrial-revolutioncould-shape-sa.html, Accessed February 2, 2022. google scholar
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs. google scholar