Pakistan ve Türkiye’de İslam’ın Değişen Algısı: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Müslüman toplumlarda toplumsal ve politik yönelimlerin algılanması ve şekillenmesi hususunda, İslam’ın yorumları çeşitli sosyal, kültürel ve politik yapılara ve koşullara sahip ülkeler arasında farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye ile Pakistan’ın İslam’la ilişkisi arasındaki algılanan farklılıkları tanımlayan faktörleri inceleyerek İslam algısını tarihsel bir perspektiften değerlendirmektedir. İncelemeler, Pakistan ve Türkiye’de İslam algısındaki değişkenliğin yalnızca temel kaynakların yorumlayıcı geleneğinin ürünü olmadığını, aynı zamanda değişen sosyo-politik koşullarla eşzamanlı olarak geliştiğini ve tüm bu gelişmelerin de bu devletlerin çeşitli toplumsal eğilimleri ve siyasi yönelimlerini şekillendirdiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, sürekli değişen sosyo-politik koşulların yanı sıra devlet veya iktidardaki seçkinlerin bu değişikliklere ilişkin iç görüsü, yaklaşımı ve tepkilerinin, İslam’ın Pakistan ve Türkiye’deki farklı algılarının şekillenmesinde kilit rol oynadığı sonucuna varmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İslam, algı, politika, Pakistan, Türkiye

The Changing Perception of Islam in Pakistan and Turkey: A Comparative Analysis

With regard to the perception and shaping of societal and political orientations in Muslim societies, interpretations of Islam have been divergent amongst countries with different social, cultural and political structures and conditions. This article assesses the perception of Islam from a historical perspective, examining the factors that define the perceived differences between Turkey and Pakistan’s relationship with Islam. The analysis shows that variability in perception of Islam in Pakistan and Turkey has not only been product of interpretive tradition of fundamental sources, but also developed concurrently with changing socio-political conditions, all of which contributed to shape the various societal dispositions and political orientation of these states. The study concludes that the constantly changing socio-political conditions, as well as the state or ruling elites’ insight, approach and responses to such changes, have been key to the shaping of the different perceptions of Islam in Pakistan and Turkey.

Keywords:

Islam, perception, politics, Pakistan, Turkey,

PDF

___

Abbas, Hassan (2005). Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism, Allah the Army, and America’s War on Terror. New Delhi: Pentagon Press.

Agai, Bekim (2007). “Islam and Education in Secular Turkey, State Policies and the Emergence of the Fethullah Gülen Group”. Schooling Islam, The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Ed. Robert W. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. UK: Princeton University Press. 149-171.

Akbar, Ali (2015). “Afghanistan urges Sami to push for resumption of Taliban peace talks”. Dawn. August 8. https://www.dawn.com/news/1199245 (Accessed: 6.7.2017)

Ansari, Muhammad Abdul Haq (1983). “The Doctrine of One Actor, Junayd’s View of Tawhid”. The Muslim World 73 (1): 33-56.

Ayoob, Mohammad (2008). The Many Faces of Political Islam, Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. US: University of Michigan Press.

Bakircioglu, Onder (2010). “A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Concept of Jihad”. International and Comparative Law Qaurterly 59 (2): 413-440.

Bardakoğlu, Ali (2008). “Culture of Co-existence in Islam, The Turkish Case”. Insight Turkey 10 (3): 111-126.

Borchgrevink, Kaja (2011). “Pakistan’s Madrasas, Moderation or Militancy? The Madrasa debate and the reform process”. NOREF. https://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/d6f77e0632a20fcf1ae1ad65041acdc7.pdf (Accessed: 21.6. 2015).

Bowering, Gerhard (2015). “An Introduction”. Islamic Political Thought. Ed. Gerhard Bowering. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1-24.

Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars, The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. US: Penguin Group.

Bruce, Lincoln (2003). Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11. US: The University of Chicago Press. Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf (Accessed: 10.10.2017).

Çınar, Alev (2011). “The Justice and Development Party, Turkey’s Experience with Islam, Democracy, Liberalism, and Secularism”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 43: 529-541.

Eligür, Banu (2010). The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey. US: Cambridge University Press.

Esposito, John (1998). Islam and Politics. 4th Edition. United States: Syracuse University Press.

Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed (2009). Islam, A Comprehensive Introduction. Translated by Shehzad Saleem. Lahore: Shirkat Printing Press.

Grigoriadis, Ioannis (2009). “Islam and democratization in Turkey, secularism and trust in a divided society”. Democratization 16 (6): 1194-1213.

Hefner, Robert (2007). “Introduction, The Culture, Politics and Future of Muslim Education”. Schooling Islam, The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Ed. Robert W. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. UK: Princeton University Press. 1-39.

Heper, Metin (2013). “Islam, Conservatism and Democracy in Turkey: Comparing Turgut Özal and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”. Insight Turkey 14 (2) . 141-156.

Ismael, Tareq, Ismael Jacqueline and Perry Glenn (2016). Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East, Continuity and Change. 2nd Edition. NY.: Routledge.

Jackson, Roy (2007). “Authority”. Schooling Islam, The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Ed. Robert W. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. UK: Princeton University Press. 25-36.

Karpat, Kemal (2001). The Politicization of Islam, Reconstructing Identity, State, faith and Community in the Late Ottoman State. NY.: Oxford University Press.

Knapp, Michael (2003). The Concept and Practice of Jihad in Islami. Parameters XXXIII: 82-94.

Lewis, Bernard (2000). The Middle East, 2000 Years of History from the Rise of the Christianity to the Present Day. UK: Phoenix.

MAK Danışmanlık (2017). “Türkiye’de Toplumun Dine ve Dini Değerlere Bakışı”. https://www.makdanismanlik.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MAKDANI%C5%9EMANLIK-T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YEDETOPLUMUN-D%C4%B0NE-VE-D%C4%B0N%C4%B0-DE%C4%9EERLERE-BAKI%C5%9EI-ARA%C5%9ETIRMASI.pdf (Accessed: 15.10.2017).

Maududi, Abu A’la (1980). Towards Understanding Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Dar Al Wahi Publications.

Metcalf, Barbara and Thomas Metcalf (2002). A Concise History of India. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb (2015). “An anthropological perspective on the mosque in Pakistan”. Asian Anthropology 14 (2): 166-181.

Noor, Farish A., Yoginder Sikand and Martin Van Bruinessen (2008). “Behind the Walls, Re-apprising the Role and Importance of Madrasas in the World Today”. The Madrasa in Asia, Political Activism and Transnational Linkage. Ed. Farish A Noor, Yoginder Sikand and Martin van Bruinessen. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 9-31.

Porter, Tom (2016). “Son of murdered Pakistani liberal outraged as cleric who inspired assassin is allowed to speak in UK”. International Business Times. May 6. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/son-murdered-pakistaniliberal-outraged-cleric-who-inspired-assassin-allowed-speak-uk-1558463 (Accessed: 18.10.2017).

Quataert, Donald (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Qutbuddin, Tahera (2005). “Ali ibn Abi Talib”. Arabic Literary Culture, 500–925. Ed. Michael Cooperson and Shawkat M. Toorawa. United States: Gale. 68-76.

Rabasa, Angel and Stephen Larrabee (2008). “The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey”. Rand. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.150.9158&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Accessed: 10.10.2017).

Ramadan, Tariq (2009). Radical Reform, Islamic Ethics and Liberation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rashid, Ahmed (2008). Descent into Chaos. London: Allen Lane.

Rizvi, Hasan Askari (2002). “Pakistan’s Strategic Culture”. South Aisa in 2020, Future Strategic Balances and Alliances. Ed. Micheal R. Chambers. United States: The University of Michigan. 305-328.

Schmidle, Nicholas (2007). “Stand-Off, Abdul Rashid Ghazi’s Last Days”. ICWA Letters. https://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NES-16.pdf (Accessed: 17.5.2017).

Sikand, Yoginder (2008). “Voice for Reform in the Indian Madrasa”. The Madrasa in Asia, Political Activism and Transnational Linkage. Ed. Farish A Noor, Yoginder Sikand and Martin van Bruinessen. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 31-70.

Tanchum, Micheal and Halil Karaveli (2014). “Pakistan’s Lessons for Turkey”. The New York Times. 5 October. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/06/opinion/pakistanslessons-for-turkey.html (Accessed: 10.9.2016).

The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (2012). https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf (Accessed: 10.10. 2017).

Toprak, Binnaz (2005). “Secularism and Islam, e Building of Modern Turkey”.Macalester International 15 (9): 27-43. White, Jenny (2014). “Muslimhood and Post-Islamist Power, The Turkish Example”. Between Dissent and Power, The Transformation of Islamic Politics in the Middle East and Asia. Ed. Khoo Boo Teik, Vedi R. Hadiz, and Yoshihiro Nakanishi. England: Palgrave Macmillan. 89-107.

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2007). “Tradition and Authority in Deobandi Madrasa of South Asia”. Schooling Islam, The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Ed. Robert W. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. UK: Princeton University Press. 61-86.

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1999). “Commentaries, Print and Patronage, “Hadith” and the Madrasa in South Asia”. Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies 62 (1): 60-81.