Kent Kimliğine Bütüncül Bir Bakış

Günümüzde endüstrileşme, küreselleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte köklü değişimler yaşayan dünya kentlerinin gitgide birbirine benzer hale gelmesiyle yaşanan kentsel kimlik sorunu, duyarlı siyasi liderlerin, profesyonellerin ve kentsel tasarımcıların başlıca endişelerinden birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kentsel kimliğe ulaşmanın yollarının belirlenebilmesi için estetik bir yüzeyselliğe indirgenmeden, kavramın ayrıntılı bir analizinin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada, bütüncül bir bakış açısının öneminin bilincinde ve yazarın dünyanın farklı ülkelerinden kentlerde yaptığı gözlem ve incelemelere dayalı olarak, güçlü kimliğe sahip ayrımsanabilir yerlerin yaratılması ya da desteklenebilmesini kolaylaştıran ögelere yoğunlaşılmakta ve bir yer ile bütünleşmenin, fiziksel çevre ögeleri kadar sosyal çevrenin karakteristiklerine bağlı olduğu savlanmaktadır. Bu çevresel bütün kapsamında, yoğunluk, cadde/sokak ve meydanları içeren kamusal alan, kentsel işlevlerin örüntüsü, bina ve kamusal alan ilişkileri, semtler ve anıtlar, kentsel kimlik analizinin ögeleri olarak tartışılmakta ve “kentsel yaşam”a odaklanmanın gereğine dikkat çekilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

kentler, kentsel kimlik, bütüncül bakış, fiziksel çevre, sosyal çevre

A Holistic Framework for Urban Identity

As cities are undergone radical transformations in line with industrialization, globalization and technological advancements, and many places are beginning to look similar, issues of place identity now engage mainstream politicians, professionals and urban designers in many parts of the world. In this context, a thorough analysis of the concept of identity is needed and an understanding of the ways through which it can be achieved without reducing the concept to an aesthetic dressing possesses a great importance. Highlighting the importance of a holistic framework and examining various cities and places of strong identity, this study first focuses on the organizing elements which help create or enhance identifiable places, and postulates that the identification with places depends on the characteristics of social environment as well as physical dimensions. In this context, density, public realm including squares and streets, pattern of urban functions, building and public space relationships, districts and monuments are discussed as the elements for analyzing the urban identity, provided that “urban life” is focused rather than limiting the analysis and interpretations to the physical aspects of places.

Keywords:

cities, urban identity, holistic framework, physical environment, social environment,

PDF

___

Benevolo, K., The History of the City, Scolar Press, London, 1968.
Butina-Watson, G. & Bentley, I., Identity by Design, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2007.
Florian, B., “The City as A Brand: Orchestrating A Unique Experience”, Image Build ing and Building Images (Ed: V. Patteeuw), Nai Uitgevers, Rotterdam, 2002.
Hall, P., Cities in Civilization, Pantheon Books, New York, 1998.
Heidegger, M., Being and Time, Harper and Row, New York, 1962.
Hertzberger, H., “The Public Realm”, The City Cultures Reader (Eds: Malcolm Miles, Tim Hall, and Iain Borden), Routledge, London, 2000, 253-255.
Jacobs, J., The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York, 1961.
Kelbaugh, D., “Urban Society: Introduction”, Writing Urbanism (Ed: D. Kelbaugh), Routledge, London, 2008, 247-249.
Kostof, S., “Communitas and the American Public Realm”, Writing Urbanism (Ed: D. Kelbaugh), Routledge, London, 2008, 254-270.
Lalli, M., Urban Related Identity: Theory, Measurement and Empirical Findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 285–303. Landry, C. & Bianchini, F., Creative Cities, Demos, London, 1995.
Larice, M. & Macdonald, E., “Place Memory and Urban Preservation”, in The Urban Design Reader (Eds: Larice, M. & Macdonald, E.), Routledge, London, 2007.
Lefebvre, H., The Production of Space, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991.
Lefebvre, H., Critique of Everyday Life, Verso, London, 1984.
Lynch, K., A Theory of Good City Form, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1981.
Lynch, K., The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1961.
Moughtin, C., Urban Design: Green Dimensions, Butterworth Architecture, Oxford, 1996.
Norberg-Schulz, C., Genius Loci, Rizzoli, New York, 1979.
Oktay, D., “Yerel Bağlam ve Kent Kimliği: Ankara örneğinde tartişmalar”, Yerel Yönetimler: Ankara, Kent Kimliği, Mekânsal-Kültürel Değişim, TMMOB Dosya 10/1 (Ed:G.Bilsel), 2009, 35-43.
Oktay, D., “How can urban context maintain urban identity and sustainability?: Evaluations of Taormina (Sicily) and Kyrenia (North Cyprus)”, Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony, 1 / 2, 2006. (http://www.webjournal.unior.it/)
Oktay, D., “Urban Design for Sustainability: A Study on the Turkish City”, International Journal for Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 11 / 1, 2004, 24-35.
Oktay, D., “The Quest for Urban Identity in the Changing Context of the City: Northern Cyprus”, Cities, 19 / 4, 2002, 31-41. Pacione, M., Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, New York, Routledge, 2005.
Pol, E., “The Theoretical Background of the City-Identity-Sustainability Network”, Environment and Behavior, 34 / 1, 2002, 8-25. Relph, E., Place and Placelessness, Pion, London, 1976.
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminof, R., “Place Identity: Physical World Socialization of the Self”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 1983, 57-83.
Rossi, A., “Typological Questions and the Collective Memory”, The City Cultures Reader (Eds: M. Miles, T. Hall & I. Borden), Routledge, London, 2000.
Rossi, A., The Architecture of the City, MIT Press, Opposition Books, Cambridge.
Sarbin, T. R., “Place Identity as A Component of Self: An Addendum”. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3 / 4, Dec 1983, 337-342.
Sennett, R., The Fall of Public Man, Faber & Faber, London, 1977.
Sennett, R., The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities, Faber & Faber, London, 1990.
Tekeli, İ., Modernite Aşılırken Kent Planlaması, İmge, Ankara, 2000.
Twigger-Ross, C. L., & Uzzell, D. L., “Place and Identity Processes”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 1996, 205–220.
Webber, M. M., (1964). The Urban Place and the Non-place Urban Realm, in Explorations into Urban Structure (Eds: Webber, M. M. et al), University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 79-153.
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983.
Zevi, L., “Il Piano Reogolatore per i Bambini: Esperienza e Prospettive”, Paesaggio Urbano, 2, 1998, 60-67.
Zukin, S., “Space and Symbols in An Age of Decline”, The City Cultures Reader, Routledge, London, 2000.

ISSN: 1307-9905
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2010
Yayıncı: ADAMOR Araştırma Danışmanlık Medya Organizasyon Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.