Girişimcilik Faaliyetlerinin Uluslararası Karşılaştırması: Ampirik Kanıtlar

Kısıtlı finansal kaynaklar ve finansal piyasalara erişim zorlukları, girişimciliğin gelişmesinin önündeki en büyük problemlerdir. Yeni kurulan ve büyümekte olan işletmeler, özkaynak, borç, risk sermayesi ve ilk halka arz konularında zorluklarla karşılaşmasına rağmen, birçok girişimcilik çalışması sadece eğitim, meslek, deneyim ve cinsiyet gibi demografik özellikleri göz önüne almıştır. Bir girişimci hayatının erken dönem girişimcilik faaliyeti aşamasında büyük problemlerle karşılaşabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Geçiş ekonomileri, Güney Amerika ve Gelişen piyasalarda girişimcilik faaliyetleri arasındaki farklılıkları belirlemek ve ulusal kültürün girişimcilikte risk almayı teşvik etmesi üzerine olan etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma, finansal kaynak kıtlığı ve banka hizmet yetersizliğinin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gelişen ülkelere oranla önemli problemler olduğunu bulmuştur. Çalışmanın verileri KüreselGirişimcilik İzleme projesinin standart anketlerinden sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Girişimcilik, Bölgesel Özellikler, Bireysel

AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES

Both the lack of financial resources and access difficulties to financial markets are biggest problems of entrepreneurial development. Although, new and growing firms have insufficient equity, debt, venture capital and IPO funding in a country, some explanations of entrepreneurship only considers the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs such as education, occupation, experience and gender. An entrepreneur has a big problem at early stage entrepreneurial activity in her lifecycle. The aim of this study is to investigate not only the differences between Transitions, South American and Emerging markets entrepreneurial opportunities, but also the effect of national culture on encouraging entrepreneurial risk taking. The results indicate that lack of financial resources, insufficient banking services are found to be important handicaps met by entrepreneurs in developing countries compared with some developed countries. Data is collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor projects standard survey

Keywords:

Entrepreneurship, Regional Attributes, Micro-Level,

PDF

___

Arenius, P. and Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, 24, 233-247.
Amorós, J.E., Felzensztein, C., Gimmon, E. (2013). Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in Chile, Small Business Economics, Volume 40, Issue 1, 119-139
Bosma, N. and Schutjens, V. (2007). Linking Regional Conditions to Individual Entrepreneurial Behavior. Paper presented at the Babson Conference 2007, Madrid
Bosma, N. and Harding, R. (2007). Global Entrepreneurship: GEM 2006 Summary Results. Babson Park, M.A.: Babson College and London, U.K.: London Business School
Black S.E. and Strahan, P.E. (2002). Entrepreneurship and Bank Credit Availability, The Journal of Finance, 17(6), 2807-2833.
Entrepreneurship and innovation; the path to growth in Latin America, Ernst and Young, 2010.
Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., Pruett, M., Shinnar, R. S., Llopis, F., & Toney, B. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions, motivations and barriers: Differences among American, Asian and European students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 219-238.
Gorji, M.B., Rahimian, P. (2011). The Study of Barriers to Entrepreneurship in Man and Woman. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(9), 31-36.
Güney, S. ve Nurmakhamatuly, A. (2007). Kültürün girişimciliğe etkisi: Kazakistan ve Türkiye üniversite öğrencilerinin girişimcilik özelliklerinin belirlenmesine yönelik kültürlerarası araştırma, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(18), 62-86.
Halaby, C. N. (2003) Where job values come from: Family and schooling background, cognitive ability, and gender. American Sociological Review, 68: 251–278.
Huggins, R., Thompson, P. (2014). Culture, entrepreneurship and uneven development: a spatial analysis. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,26(9-10), 726-752.
Huggins, R., Thompson P. (2016). Socio-Spatial Culture and Entrepreneurship: Some Theoretical and Empirical Observations. Economic Geography: 92:3, 269-300, DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2016.1146075
Jesper B. Sørensen, J.B. (2007). Bureaucracy and Entrepreneurship: Workplace Effects on Entrepreneurial Entry, Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 52, 387-412.
Karadeniz, E., Yılmaz, O. (2009). Entrepreneurial Activities in Turkey: An international comparison using GEM data, Bogazici Journal, Vol. 23, (1-2), 19-36.
Lerner, J., Leamon, A., Tighe, J., and Garcia-Robles, S. (2014). Adding value through venture capital in Latin America and the Caribbean, Harvard Business School, Working Paper, 15-024.
Romaní. G., Atienza. M. and Amorós J. E. (2009) Financing entrepreneurial activity in Chile: scale and scope of public support programs, Venture Capital, 11:1, 55-70.
Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., Bono, N.D., Servais, I., Lopez-Garcia, P., and Chin, N. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation, 1998–2003,
Small Business Economics, 24: 205–231.
Smallbone, D., Welter, F. (2012). Cross-border entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(3-4), 95-104.
Smallbone. D., Welter F., Ateljevic. J., (2014). Entrepreneurship in emerging market economies: Contemporary issues and perspectives, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 32(2) 113–116.
Sternberg. R. (2012) Do EU regional policies favor regional entrepreneurship? Empirical evidence from Spain and Germany, European Planning Studies, 20:4, 583-608.
Tamásy, C. (2006) Determinants of regional entrepreneurship dynamics in contemporary Germany: A conceptual and empirical analysis, Regional Studies, 40(4), 365-384.
Trbovic. A., Malesevic. A.D. Miljkovic. J. (2014) The role of venture capital in economic transition in Serbia Original scientific paper.
Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., and Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level, Entrepreneurship& Regional development, 18(2), 151-183.
Wennekers, S., Uhlaner, L.M., and Thurik R. (2002). Entrepreneurship and Its Conditions: A Macro Perspective, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1: 25-64