ULUSLARARASI CEZA HUKUKUNDA TAMAMLAYICILIK (İKAME) İLKESİ

Uluslararası hukuk, devletlere ulaslararası suçları araştırmak, soruşturmak ve cezalandırmak üzere genel bir görev yüklemektedir. 2002 yılında yürürlüğe giren Roma Statüsü, uluslararası alanda işlenen özel nitelikteki bazı suçları soruşturmak üzere sürekli ve uluslarası nitelikteki bir mahkeme kurulması yönünde yaklaşık elli yıldır sürdürülen çabaları sona erdirmiştir. Bu kapsamda kurulmuş olan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi uluslararası ceza adaletinin sağlanması yönünde çok olumlu bir adım olarak karşılanmıştır. Öte yandan, bu mahkemenin kurulması devletler arasında bazı anlaşmazlıklara yol açabileceği ve devletlerin ulusal egemenlik haklarının zedeleneceği yününde bazı tartırşmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’ni oluşturunlar tarafından Roma Statüsü’ne konulan tamamlayıcılık (ikame, ikincil) yetkisi olarak adlandırılan ilke, devletlerin ulusal egemenlik ve yargılama yetkileri alanında ortaya çıkabilecek anlaşmazlıkları dengelemek üzere öngörülmüştür. Roma Satatüsü’nün 10. paragrafında Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin yetkisinin ulusal yargılama yetkisini tamamlayıcı nitelikte olduğu açıkça vurgulanmıştır. Statü’nün 1. maddesi de Mahkemenin uluslararası nitelikteki çok önemli suçları işleyenleri yargılama yetkisinin varlığını ve bu yetkinin ulusal yargılama yetkisini tamamlayıcı nitelikte olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bu hükümlere göre, tamamlayıcılık ilkesi iki önemli özellik taşımaktadır. Birincisi, işlenen suç uluslarası ceza yargılamasının konusunu oluştursa bile devletler kendi topraklarında vatandaşlarının işledikleri suçları ulusal yargılama yetkisine dayanarak birincil olarak soruşturma ve yargılama hakkına sahiptir. İkinci olarak, ancak bazı şartların gerçekleşmesi durumunda bu tür suç ve suçlular uluslararası bir ceza yargılmasının konusunu oluşturabilecektir. Bu çalışma, uluslararası ceza hukukunda yer alan tamamlayıcılık (ikame, ikincil) ilkesini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, bu ilkenin tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, uygulamaları, amaçları ve etkinliği üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Tamamlayıcılık (ikame, ikincil), uluslararası hukuk, uluslararası suçlar, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Roma Statüsü

THE PRINCIPLE OF ‘COMPLEMENTARITY’ IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

International law provides for a general duty of States to investigate, prosecute and punish international crimes. The Rome Statute came into existence in 2002, marking the end of over fifty years of elaborations to create a permanent global court to prosecute particularly heinous crimes of international significance. The establishment of the International Criminal Court was accompanied by extraordinary optimism for the prospects of international criminal justice. On the other hand, an important objection the creation of the ICC is that it would create conflict between states and interfere with national sovereignty. In that context, the principle of complementarity is a formula created by the ICC founders who have sought to balance the conflicting interests of international justice and state sovereignty. Paragraph 10 of the Rome Statute emphasizes that “…the International Criminal Court established under this Statute shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions.” Article 1 of the Statute further asserts that the Court “shall have the power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern [….] and shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdiction.”. According to these provisions, the principle of complementarity reconciles two competing features and jurisdictions. The first is the sovereignty of the state, which claims national jurisdiction over its citizens and crimes committed on its territory, even though these crimes are of an international character and may fall within international jurisdiction. The second feature functions only in exceptional circumstances and gives an international tribunal the ability to exercise jurisdiction over these heinous crimes. This article aims to analyse the principle of complementarity in international criminal law. It addresses the definition, historical development, implementations, purposes and effectiveness of the principle.

Keywords:

complementarity, international law, international crimes, the International Criminal Court, the Rome Statute,

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