THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION IN THE PROCESS OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS: AN ANALYSIS ON BRICS COUNTRIES

Bu çalışmanın amacı, BRICS ülkelerinde inovasyonun yüksek teknoloji ihracatı üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırıl-masıdır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çalışmada ilgili ülkelerin AR-GE harcamaları ve sahip oldukları patent sayıları ile yüksek teknoloji ihracatı arasındaki ilişkiler 1999-2018 dönemi için incelenmektedir. Panel veri tekniklerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, öncelikle serilerde yatay kesit bağımlılığının varlığı araştırılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı-nın belirlenmesinin ardından, serilerde yatay kesit bağımlılığının varlığı durumunda da uygulanabilen Pesaran (2007) birim kök testi ile serilerin durağanlığı araştırılmıştır. Sonrasında ise düzeyde durağan olmadığı belirle-nen serilerin farkı alınarak durağan hale getirilmiş ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler panel sabit etkiler ve pa-nel rassal etkiler yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın çıktılarında, çalışmaya konu olan ülkelerde, patent sayısı ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı arasında anlamlı pozitif ilişkiye rastlanılmıştır. Buna göre inovasyonun, BRICS ülkeleri için yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatında önemli bir faktör olduğu görülmekte, bu ülkelerde yüksek katma değer yaratmak için inovasyon faaliyetlerine önem verilmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Inovasyon, Yüksek Teknoloji, İhracat, BRICS

THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION IN THE PROCESS OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS: AN ANALYSIS ON BRICS COUNTRIES

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of innovation on high-tech exports in BRICS countries. For this purpose, in this study, the relations between the R&D expenditures of the relevant countries and the number of patents they have and the export of high-technology are examined for the period of 1999-2018. In the study using panel data techniques, firstly, the existence of cross-section dependence in the se-ries was investigated. Following the determination of the cross-section dependency, the stationarity of the series was investigated by Pesaran (2007) unit root test, which can also be applied in the presence of cross-section dependence. Afterwards, the series, which were found to be non-stationary at level, were made stationary by taking the difference of the series and the relations between the variables were analyzed by panel fixed effects and panel random effects methods. In the outputs of the study, a significant positive re-lationship was found between the number of patents and high-tech exports in the countries subject to the study. Accordingly, innovation is a highly important factor in the export of high-tech products for BRICS coun-tries, and it is understood that innovation activities should be given importance to create high added value in these countries

Keywords:

Innovation, High-tech, Export, BRICS,

PDF

___

Amable, B. and Verspagen, B. (1995). The Role of Technology in Market Share Dynamics. Applied Economics, 27, 197–204.
Amendola, G., Dosi, G. and Papagni, E. (1993). The Dynamics of International Competitiveness. Review of World Economics (Weltwitschalfliches Arshiv), 129(3), 451–471.
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. (3. Edition). England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
Bayraktutan, Y. and Bıdırdı, H. (2018). Innovation and High-Tech Exports in Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 9(03), 1850011.
Braunerhjelm, P. and Thulin, P. (2008). Can Countries Create Comparative Advantages? R&D Expenditures, High Technology Exports and Country Size in 19 OECD Countries, 1981–1999. International Economic Journal, 22(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730 801887026.
Çetin, R. (2016). Investigation of The Relationship Between Ar-Ge Payments and High Techno-logy Exports in New Industrial Countries by Panel Data Analysis Method. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 66(2), 30–43.
Frankel, J. A. and Romer, D. (1999). Does Trade Cause Growth? American Economic Review, 89(3), 379-399.
Fu, D. Wu, Y. and Tang, Y. (2012). Does Innovation Matter for Chinese High-Tech Exports? A Firm-Level Analysis. Frontiers of Economics in China, 7(2), 218-245.
Gervais, D. J. (2009). (Re) Implementing the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to Foster Innovation. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 12(5), 348-370.
Gökmen, Y. and Türen, U. (2013). The Determinants of High Technology Exports Volume: A Pa-nel Data Analysis of EU 15 Countries. International Journal of Management Economic and Social Sciences, 2(3), 217–232.
Greenhalgh, C. (1990). Innovation and Trade Performance in the United Kingdom. The Economic Journal, 100(400), 105–118.
Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Helleiner, G. (Ed.). (1995). Manufacturing for Export in the Developing World. London: Routledge,
http://bruegel.org/publications/datasets/Date Accessed:28.01.2020.
https://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicators.
Krugman, P. (1979). A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer, and the World Distribution of Income. The Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), 253–266.
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-section Dependece, Journal of Applies Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
Posner, M. V. (1961). International Trade and Technical Change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), 323–341.
Salvatore, D. (2013). International Economics (11th ed.). Wiley.
Sandu, S. and Ciocanel, B. (2014). Impact of R&D and Innovation on High-tech Export. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 80-90.
Seyoum, B. (2005). Determinants of Levels of High Technology Exports an Empirical Investiga-tion. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 13(1), 64.
Soete, L. L. G. (1981). A General Test of Technological Gap Trade Theory. Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 117(4), 638–660.
Srholec, M. (2007). High Technology Exports from Developing Countries: A Symptom of Technology Spurts or Statistical Illusion? Review of World Economics, 143(2), 227–255.
Tebaldi, E. (2011). The Determinants of High technologynology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis. Atlantic Economic Journal, 39(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-011-9288-9.
Van den Berg, H and Lewer, J. J. (2015). International Trade and Economic Growth. Armonk: GB: Routledge.
Vernon, R. (1966). International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207.
Vogiatzoglou, K. (2009). Determinants of Exports Specialization in ICT. A cross-country Analysis, International Network for Economic Research Working Paper 3, 2009.
Westphal, L. E. (1990). Industrial Policy in an Export-Propelled Economy: Lessons from South Korea’s Experience. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(3), 41-59.
Xing, Y. (2012). The People’s Republic of China’s High-Tech Exports: Myth and Reality, ADBI Working Paper No. 5055, Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
Yamak, A. (2017). The effects of Ar-Ge spending on high technology product exports. Key Ma-gazine: Turkey Review. 341. Retrieved from http://anahtar.sanayi.gov.tr/tr/news/ar-ge-harcamalarinin-yuksek-teknolojili-urun-ihracati-uzerindekietkileri-turkiyeincelemesi/9407.