KÜLTÜR BAĞLAMINDA SOSYAL MÜBADELE: KURAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Sosyal mübadele kuramı, birçok örgütsel tutum ve davranışı açıklama gücüne sahip olan en eski kuramlardan biridir. Özellikle çalışan-işveren arasındaki ilişkileri şekillendirmesi nedeniyle sosyal mübadele kuramı, örgütsel davranış araştırma alanı için önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, öncelikle sosyal mübadele kuramının temel söylem ve dinamiklerini kuramsal olarak ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Kuramsal açıdan sosyal mübadeleyi tartışabilmenin, örgütsel davranışla ilgili birtakım kavramların daha iyi anlaşılabilmesine olanak sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Öte yandan, farklı kültürlerdeki farklı örgütsel tutum ve davranışların temelinde yer alan sosyal mübadele biçimlerini tartışabilmek için sosyal mübadele kuramı ayrıca kültür bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, toplum üyelerinin tüm algılarını ve davranışlarını etkileyen değerler sistemi olan kültürün, sosyal mübadeledeki ilkeleri etkileyeceği öngörülerek çeşitli önermelere ulaşılmıştır. Oluşturulan kuramsal çerçeve ve tartışmalar kapsamında, kültür bağlamında sosyal mübadele ilişkilerinin farklılaşabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sosyal Değiş Tokuş Kuramı, Belirsizlikten Kaçınma, Güç Mesafesi, Ortaklaşa Davranışçılık, Bireycilik

PDF

___

Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 267–285.
Baker, D. S., & Carson, K. D. (2011). The Two Faces of Uncertainty Avoidance: Attachment and Adaptation. Louisiana: Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management.
Bergiel, E. B., Bergiel, B. J., & Upson, J. W. (2012). Revisiting Hofstede’s Dimensions: Examining the Cultural Convergence of the United States and Japan. American Journal of Management , 12 (1), 69 - 79.
Białas, S. (2009). Power distance as a determinant of relations between managers and employees in the enterprises with foreign capital. Journal of Intercultural Management , 1 (2), 105–115.
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
Cole, M. S., Schaninger, W. S., & Harris, S. G. (2002). The Workplace Social Exchange Network: A Multilevel, Conceptual Examination. Group & Organization Management , 27 (1), 142-167.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social Exhange Theory: An Interdiciplinary Review. Journal of Management , 874-900.
Daniels, M. A., & Greguras, G. J. (2014). Exploring the Nature of Power Distance: Implications for Micro- and Macro-Level Theories, Processes, and Outcomes. Journal of Management , 1 - 28.
Doney, P. M. (1998). Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust. Academy of Management Review , 601-620.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 (3), 500- 507.
Eisenberger, R, Stinglhamber, F, Vandenberghe, C, Sucharski, IL, & Rhoades, L (2002). Perceived Supervisor Support: Contributions to Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Retention. Journal of applied psychology,87(3), 565.
Ekeh, P. (1968). Issues in Exchange Theory. Berkeley Journal of Sociology , 13, 42 - 58.
Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-Dependence Relations. American Sociological Review , 27 (1), 31-41.
Flynn, F. J. (2005). Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in organizations. Academy of Management Review , 30 (4), 737- 750.
Hofstede, G. J., Jonker, C., & Verwaart, T. (2008). Modeling Culture in Trade: Uncertainty Avoidance. Agent-Directed Simulation Symposium. Ottawa, Kanada.
Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies , 14 (2), 75 - 89.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Amerika: McGrow Hill.
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review , 25 (2), 161- 178.
Kailani, M. A., & Kumar, R. (2011). Investigating Uncertainty Avoidance and Perceived Risk for Impacting Internet Buying: A Study in Three National Cultures. International Journal of Business and Management , 6 (5), 76 - 92.
Knippenberg, D. v., Prooijen, J.-W. v., & Sleebos, E. (2013). Beyond social exchange: Collectivism’s moderating role in the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 37 - 41.
Kong, D. T. (2013). Examining a Climatoeconomic Contextualization of Generalized Social Trust Mediated by Uncertainty Avoidance. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 574 - 588.
Konovsky, M.A. & Pugh, S.D. (1994). Citizenship behaviour and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3), 656- 669.
Konovsky, M. A. (2000). Understanding procedural justice and its impact on business organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 489-511.
Lambe, C. J., Wittmann, C. M., & Spekman, R. E. (2001). Social Exchange Theory and Research on Business-to-Business Relational Exchange. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing , 8 (3), 1-36.
Levine, T. R., Kim, S.-Y., & Ferrara, M. (2010). Social Exchange, Uncertainty, and Communication Content as Factors Impact the Relational Outcomes of Betrayal. Human Communication , 303 – 318.
Liden, R.C., Sparrowe, R. T. ve Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-Member Exchange Theory: The Past and Potential for the Future. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 47-119.
Lynch, P. D., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1999). Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology , 84 (4), 467- 483.
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2010). Hofstede’s Fifth Dimension: New Evidence From the World Values Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 1 - 12.
Molm, L. D. (1997). Coercive Power in Social Exchange. Amerika: Cambrigde University Press.
Molm, L. D. (2003). Theoretical Comparisons of Forms of Exchange. Sociological Theory , 21 (1), 1 - 17.
Nord, W. (1973). Adam Smith and Contemporary Social Exchange Theory. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 32 (4), 421 - 436.
Rogoveanu, R.-N. (2010). Intercultural Negotiations: A Cultural Approach. Professional Communicatıon and Translation Studies , 3 (1), 9 - 14.
Rousseau D.M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Shore, L. M., & Barksdale, K. (1998). Examining degree of balance and level of obligation in the employment relationship:a social exchange approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 19, 731- 744.
Sığrı, Ü., & Tığlı, M. (2006). Hofstede'nin "Belirsizlikten Kaçınma" Kültürel Boyutunun Yönetsel-Örgütsel Süreçlere ve Pazarlama Açısından Tüketici Davranışlarına Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi , 17 (1), 327 - 342.
Triandis, H. C., Villareal, M. J., Masaaki, A., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self-Ingroup Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 (2), 323-338.
Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal , 40 (5), 1089- 1121.
Yamagishi, T., Cook, K. S., & Watabe, M. (1998). Uncertainty, Trust, and Commitment Formation in the United States and Japan. American Journal of Sociology , 104 (1), 165-194.
Yudelson, J. A. (2009). The Role of Trust, Reciprocity, and Reputation in Managing the Uncertainty of the Movie Deal-Making Process. California: California Üniversitesi.
Zafirovski, M. (2005). Social Exchange Theory under Scrutiny: A Positive Critique of its Economic-Behaviorist Formulations. Electronic Journal of Sociology , 1 - 40.
Zafirovski, M. (2003). Some Amendments to Social Exchange Theory: A Sociological Perspective . Theory & Science .