Bal Çeşitlerinin (Hayıt, Kestane, Lavanta, Karaçalı, Akasya ve Çiçek) Belirli Mikro ve Makro Elementler ile Ağır Metal Kirliliği Bakımından İncelenmesi

Araştırmada Türkiye Marmara ve Ege bölgelerinden temin edilen 6 bal örneği (hayıt, kestane, karaçalı ve çiçek balları) ile Bulgaristan’dan temin edilen 4 bal örneği (lavanta, akasya ve çiçek balları) ağır metal içerikleri (Al, As, Pb ve Cd) başta olmak üzere; Ba, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, P, B, Na, K, Sr, S ve Ca gibi mikro ve makro element içerikleri ICP-OES (İndüktif Eşleşmiş Optik Emisyon Spektrometresi) ile analiz edilmiştir. İncelenen bal örneklerindeki ağır metal düzeylerinin (Al, As, Cd ve Pb) WHO ve Türk Gıda Kodeksi’ nde belirtilen toksik limit değerlerinin altında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak, bal örneklerinin mineral içerikleri alındıkları bölgelere göre değişmektedir. Farklı bölgelerden alınan bal örnekleri arasında Pb, Al, As, Cr, Cu, Ba, Sr, Zn, B, Ca, K, Na, P ve S içerikleri %1 önem düzeyinde; Mn, Ni ve Fe içerikleri ise %5 önem düzeyinde farklılık göstermektedir. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda; bal örneklerinin alındığı arılıklar yerleşim yerine yaklaştıkça Pb %1, As ve Co içerikleri ise %5 önem düzeyinde artış gösterdiği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bal, Ağır Metaller, Mikro Element, Makro Element, Mineraller, ICP-OES

INVESTIGATION OF HONEY TYPES (CHASTE BERRY, CHESTNUT, LAVENDER, JERUSALEM THORN, ACACIA AND SUNFLOWER) FOR SPECIFIC MACRO AND MICRO ELEMENTS WITH HEAVY METAL POLLUTION

In this research, heavy metal contents (Al, As, Pb and Cd) of 6 honey samples obtained from Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkiye (chaste berry, chestnut, jerusalem torn and sunflower kind of honeys) and 4 honey samples obtained from Bulgaria (lavender, acacia and sunflower kind of honeys) with micro and macro element contents including Ba, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, P, B, Na, K, Sr, S and Ca were analyzed by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Optical Emission Spectrometer). It was found that the heavy metal contents (Al, As, Cd and Pb) in the investigated honey samples were below the toxic limit values specified by the World Health Organisation and the Turkish Food Codex. In general, the mineral contents of honey samples vary according to the regions where they were taken. Among the honey samples taken from different regions; the contents of Pb, Al, As, Cr, Cu, Ba, Sr, Zn, B, Ca, K, Na, P and S changed at 1% significance level, while Mn, Ni and Fe contents differ at 5% level of significance. It was determined that as the apiary locations from which honey samples were taken approached the urban areas, the Pb content increased statistically by 1%, while the As and Co content increased at the 5% level of significance.

Keywords:

Honey, Heavy Metals, Micro Element, Macro Element, ICP-OES,

PDF

___

Alkan PE. Pollen Analysis of Chestnut Honey in Some Provinces of the Black Sea Region, Turkiye. Mellifera 2020;20(2):18-31.
Bengü AŞ, Kutlu MA. Bingöl’den Temin Edilen Ballarda Icp-Ms ile Bazı Temel ve Toksik Elementlerin Analizi. U. Arı D.-U. Bee J 2020;20(1):1-12, doi:10.31467/uluaricilik.648631
Bohrer AS, Takahashi H. Compartmentalization and Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation Pathways in Plants. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2016;326:1-31, doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.03.001
Borum E. Arılarin Yavru Çürüklüğü İnfeksiyonlarinda Doğru Teşhis, Mücadele Ve Korunma Yöntemleri. U. Arı D.-U Bee J 2014;14(1):44-55, doi:10.31467/uluaricilik.376732
Burucu V, Gülse Bal HS. Türkiye’de Arıcılığın Mevcut Durumu ve Bal Üretim Öngörüsü. T. Eko Arş D.- J. Agri Eco Res 2017;3(1): 28-37, http://dergipark.gov.tr/tead/issue/29947/322443 adresinden erişildi (Date of access:18.10.2022).
Burucu V, Gülse Bal HS. Arıcılık İşletmelerinin Pazarlama Olanakları: Kastamonu İli Azdavay İlçesi Örneği. T. Eko Arş D.- J. Agri Eco Res 2018;4(1): 23-35.
Calvo MS, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Phosphorus. Adv Nutr 2015;6(6):860-862, doi:10.3945/an.115.008516
Castro-Vázquez L, Leon-Ruiz V, Alañon ME, Pérez-Coello MS, González-Porto AV. Floral origin markers for authenticating Lavandin honey (Lavandula angustifolia x latifolia). Discrimination from Lavender honey (Lavandula latifolia). Food Control. 2014;37:362-370, doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.003
Chandra RK. Micronutrients and Immune Functions. Ann Ny Acad Sci 1990;587(1):9-16, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb00128.x
Demirezen D, Aksoy A. Determination of Heavy Metals in Bee Honey Using By Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (Icp-Oes). Gazi U J Sci 2005;18(4):569-575.
Doelsch E, Saint Macary H, Van de Kerchove V. Sources of very high heavy metal content in soils of volcanic island (La Réunion). J Geochem Explor 2006;88(1-3):194-197, doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.037
Elevli B, Laratte B. Estimation of the Turkish Boron Exportation to Europe. Mining 2022;2(2):155-169. EC (European Comission) 2006. European Union Regulation EC1881/2006 Maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02006R1881-20150731 (Date of access:31.10.2022)
FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) 2021. https://www.fda.gov/food/metals-and-your-food/lead-food-foodwares-and dietarysupplements#:~:text=The%20FDA's%20current%20IRL%20is,age%20(updated%20in%202022 (Date of access:01.11.2022).
Güler D.Türkiye’de İllere Göre Arıcılık Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Belirlenmesi. U. Arı D.-U. Bee J 2021;21(2):146-156, doi:10.31467/uluaricilik.940167
Gupta DK, Tiwari S, Razafindrabe BHN, Chatterjee S. Arsenic Contamination from Historical Aspects to the Present. Arsenic contamination from historical aspects to the present. In Arsenic Contamination in the Environment. Springer, Cham 2017;1-12., doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54356-7_1
Hewlings S, Douglas K. Sulfur and Human Health. Ec Nutr, 2019;785-791. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335653705_Sulfur_and_Human_Health adresinden erişildi (Date of access: 18.10.2022).
Kara EE, Kara E. Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri ve Çözüm Önerileri. Türk Bil Der Der-Turk J Sci Rev 2018;11(1):56-62.
Khalid S, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Dumat C. A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Geochem Explor 2017;182:247-268, doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
Kołodziejska B, Stępień N, Kolmas J. The Influence of Strontium on Bone Tissue Metabolism and Its Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(12):6564, doi:10.3390/ijms22126564
Kravchenko J, Darrah TH, Miller RK, Kim Lyerly H, Vengosh A, Kravchenko J, Vd. A review of the health impacts of barium from natural and anthropogenic exposure. Environ Geo Health 2014;36:797-814, doi:10.1007/s10653-014-9622-7
Lanjwani MF, Channa FA. Minerals content in different types of local and branded honey in Sindh, Pakistan. Heliyon 2019;5(7):e02042, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02042
Malkoç M, Kara Y, Özkök A, Ertürk Ö, Kolayli S. Characteristic properties of Jerusalem thorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.) Honey. U. Arı D.-U. Bee J 2019;19(1):69–81, doi:10.31467/uluaricilik.535658
Mikhailenko AV, Ruban DA, Ermolaev VA, Van Loon T. Cadmium pollution in the tourism environment: A literature review. Geosciences 2020;10(6):242, doi:10.3390/geosciences10060242
Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, Emran T, Bin Nainu F, Khusro A, Vd. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud U- Sci 2022;34(3):101865, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865
Özcan MM, AL Juhaimi FY. Determination of heavy metals in bee honey with connected and not connected metal wires using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES). Environm Moni Asses 2012;184(4):2373-2375, doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2123-6
Özkul C. Kütahya Şehir Merkezinde Yer Alan Çocuk Parklarındaki Toprakların Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe U Jour Sci Eng 2019;19(1):226-240, doi:10.35414/akufemubid.408653
Ozkul C, Acar RU, Köprübaşı N Er AE, Kızılkaya H İ, Metin M, Şenel MN. Altintaş (KütahyaTürki̇ye) Ovasi Tarim Topraklarinda Ağir MKi̇rli̇li̇ği̇ni̇n Araştirilmasi, Öncel Çalişma. Uyg Yerbil Der 2018;17(1):13-26, doi:10.30706/uybd.426408
Oroian M, Amariei S, Rosu A, Gutt G. Classification of unifloral honeys using multivariate analysis, J Essent Oil Res 2015;27(6):533-544, doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2015.1073183
Ozturk A, Yarci C, Ozyigit II. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Istanbul using plant ( Celtis australis L.) and soil assays. Biotechnol Bio Equ 2017;31(5):948-954, doi:10.1080/13102818.2017.1353922
Pahl M, Zhu H, Tautz J, Zhang S. Large Scale Homing in Honeybees. PLoS ONE 2011;6(5):19669, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019669
Pires J, Estevinho ML, Feás X, Cantalapiedra J, Iglesias A. Pollen spectrum and physico‐chemical attributes of heather (Erica sp.) honeys of north Portugal. J Sci Food Agr 2009;89(11):1862-1870, doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3663
Rafati Rahimzadeh M, Rafati Rahimzadeh M, Kazemi S, Jafarian Amiri R, Pirzadeh M, Akbar Moghadamnia A. Aluminum Poisoning with Emphasis on Its Mechanism and Treatment of Intoxication. Emerg Med Inter 2022, doi:10.1155/2022/1480553
Resmi Gazete 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği (29 Aralık 2011). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111229M3-8.htm (Date of access: 01.11.2022)
Schievano E, Stocchero M, Zuccato V, Conti I, Piana L. NMR assessment of European acacia honey origin and composition of EU–blend based on geographical floral markers, Food Chem 2019;288:96-101, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.062
Sıralı R, Cinbirtoğlu Ş. Bal arilarinin tozlaşmadaki̇ ve bi̇tki̇sel üreti̇mdeki̇ önemi̇. Arı Arş (August) 2018;28-33.
Singh SP, Kaur S, Singh D. Food toxicology-past, present, and the future (the Indian perspective). Food Safety in the 21st Century: Public Health Perspective 2017;1:91-110, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801773-9.00008-X
Soares S, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBP, Mafra IA. comprehensive review on the main honey authentication issues: Production and origin, Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety 2017;16(5):1072–1100, doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12278
Sönmez O, Kılıç FN. Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliği ve Giderim Yöntemleri. Turk J Agri Eng Res 2021;2(2):493-507, doi:10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i02.020
Şen A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of fruit, leaf and branch extracts of Paliurus spina-christi P. Mill. Marmara Pharma J 2018;22(2):328-333, doi:10.12991/mpj.2018.71
Şen, K. Trakya yöresi ayçiçeği balı, meşe balı ve karaçalı balı’nın çeşitli kalite özellikleri üzerine bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi) 2019.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ, Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Vd. Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment. Exper Supp 2012;101, doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
Tepge TE, PGE. Ürün Raporu: Arıcılık 2021. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF Ürün Raporları/2021 Ürün Raporları/Arıcılık Ürün Raporu 2021-320 TEPGE.pdf adresinden erişildi (Date of access:18.10.22).
TGK, Turkish Food Codex. Honey Communiqué, Number: 2020/7. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/HAYGEM/KAGEM/Link/8/Bal-Tebligi (Date of access: 19.10.2022) TUIK, Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri, (Aralık) 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayvansal-%C3%9Cretim-%C4%B0statistikleri-Aral%C4%B1k-2021-45593&dil=1#:~:text=Bir%20%C3%B6nceki%20y%C4%B1la%20g%C3%B6re%20yapa%C4%9F%C4%B1,96%20bin%20344%20ton%20oldu.
Uçak Koç A, Karacaoğlu M, Doğan M. Hayıt (Vitex agnus-castus), Çam ve Karışım Çiçek Balının Bazı Kalite Kriterleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Adnan Menderes U Ziraat Fak D 2017;14(1):17-21, doi:10.25308/aduziraat.294889
Vareda JP, Valente AJM, Durães L. Heavy metals in Iberian soils: Removal by current adsorbents/amendments and prospective for aerogels. Adv Coll Interface Sci 2016;237:28-42, doi:10.1016/j.cis.2016.08.009
Wang D, Lin H, Kan J, Liu L, Zeng X, Shen S. Food Chemistry. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NewYork, USA, 2012, p.1-370, doi:10.1201/b18894-16.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2007. Exposure of children to chemical hazards in food. Fact Sheet No.4.4. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/97446/4.4.pdf (Date of access: 01.11.2022)
Zor M, Aydin S, Güner ND, Başaran N, Başaran AA. Antigenotoxic properties of Paliurus spina-christi Mill fruits and their active compounds. Bmc Complem Altern M 2017;17(1):229, doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1732-1.