Türkiye' den Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) mazı arılarının PCR-RFLP varyasyonu

Bu çalışmada ülkemizde bulunan Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792)’nin tür içi mitokondriyal DNA çeşitliliği 2006-2008 yılları arasında yapılan arazi çalışmalarında toplanan örneklerle PCR-RFLP yöntemi kullanılarak çalışılmıştır. Onaltı populasyondan toplanan 95 bireyde toplam 28 haplotip belirlenmiştir. Haplotip ve nükleotid çeşitliliği sırasıyla 0.45 ve 0.05 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Analiz edilen populasyonlar arasında en fazla nükleotid farklılaşması % 9.0 olarak hesaplanmıştır bu da A. quercustozae haplotipleri arasında oldukça eski bir ayrılmayı ifade etmektedir. PHYLIP programı kullanılarak elde edilen dendrogram haplotiplerin coğrafik dağılımları ile oluşturdukları gruplar arasında bir bağıntının olduğunu göstermektedir. Genetik farklılaşmanın dağılımını belirlemek için yapılan AMOVA analizi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma A. quercustozae populasyonlarının oldukça fazla genetik çeşitliliğe sahip olduğunu ve coğrafik olarak belirli gruplaşmalar yaptığını ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen veriler ışığında çalışılan türün populasyon genetik yapısının şekillenmesinde ülkemiz topografyasının ve evrimsel tarihinin etkili olduğu sonucu çıkarılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Andricus quercustozae, Cynipidae, meşe mazı arısı, PCR-RFLP

PCR-RFLP variation of the oak gall wasp, Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from Turkey

Oak gall wasp specimens collected in the summer of 2006-2008 from Turkey were studied using PCR-RFLP method for revealing intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation of Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792). A total of 28 haplotypes were detected among 95 individuals collected from 16 populations. The estimated average haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.45 and 0.05, respectively. The highest nucleotide divergence estimate among the analyzed oak gall wasp populations was 9.0% indicating an ancient split between A. quercustozae haplotypes. Dendrogram obtained using PHYLIP program indicated that there was a significant relationship between geographical distribution of haplotypes and their clustering. AMOVA analysis for estimation of the partitioning of genetic differentiation was statistically significant. This study shows that A. quercustozae populations have high amount of genetic diversity and form geographically significant groupings. It seems that varied topography and evolutionary history of Turkey play an important role in shaping the current population genetic structure of the species

Keywords:

Andricus quercustozae, Cynipidae, oak gall wasp, PCR-RFLP,

PDF

___

Avcı, M., 1993. Türkiye’nin flora bölgeleri ve Anadolu Diagonaline coğrafi bir yaklaşım. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 28: 225-248.
Avise, J. C., 2000. Phylogeography. The History and the Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. MA, 258 pp.
Avise, J. C., 2006. Evolutionary Pathways in Nature: A Phylogenetic Approach. Cambridge University Press, New York., 286 pp.
Bardakçı, F., N. Değerli, O. Özdemir & H. H. Başıbüyük, 2006. Phylogeography of the Turkish brown trout Salmo trutta L.: mitochondrial DNA PCR-RFLP variation. Journal of Fish Biology, 68: 36-55.
Bennett, K. D. & J. Provan, 2008. What do we mean by refugia? Quaternary Science Reviews, 27: 2449-2455.
Challis, R., S. Mutun, J. L. Nieves–Aldrey, S. Preuss, A. Rokas, A. Aebi, E. Sadeghi, M. Tavakoli & G. N. Stone, 2007. Longitudinal range expansion and cryptic eastern species in the western Paleartic oak gall wasp , Andricus coriarius. Molecular Ecology, 16: 2103-2114.
Crandal, K. A. & A. R. Templeton, 1993. Emprical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phylogeny reconstruction. Genetics, 134: 959-969.
Çıplak, B., A. Demirsoy & A. N. Bozcuk, 1993. Distribution of Orthoptera in relation to the Anatolian Diagonal in Turkey. Articulata, 8 (1): 1-20.
Çıplak, B., 2003. Distribution of Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) bush-crickets in Turkey: the importance of the Anatolian Taurus Mountains in biodiversity and implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 47-64.
Çıplak, B., 2004. Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): Evolution within a refugium. Zoologica Scripta, 33: 19-44.
Çıplak, B., 2008. The Analogy Between Interglacial and Global Warming for the Glacial Relicts in a Refugium: A Biogeographic Perspective for conservation of Anatolian Orthoptera. In Insect Ecology and Conservation Ed. S. Fattorini, India, 135-163 pp.
Excoffier, L., G. Laval & S. Schneider, 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 1: 47-50.
Felsenstein, J., 1992. PHYLIP (Phylogenetic Inference Package) Version 3.5c. Dept. of Genetics, University of Washington, Seatle.
Fransisco, F. O., D. Silvestre & M. C. Arias, 2001. Mitochondrial DNA characterization of five species of Plebeia (Apidae: Meliponini): RFLP and restriction maps. Apidologie, 32: 323-332.
Hayward, A. & G. N. Stone, 2006. Comparative phylogeography across two trophic levels: the oak gall wasp Andricus kollari and its chalcid parasitoid Megastismus stigmatizans. Molecular Ecology, 15: 479-489.
Hewitt, G. M., 1996. Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 247- 276.
Hewitt, G. M,. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68: 87-112.
Hewitt, G. M., 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405: 907- 913.
Korkmaz, M., M. Sarı & H. H. Başıbüyük, 2010. Genetic structure of Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) populations in Anatolia: A stable rear edge population. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 103 (4): 625-634.
Martin, A. & C. Simon, 1990. Differing levels of among-population divergence in the mitochondrial DNA of periodical cicadas related to historical biogeography. Evolution, 44 (4): 1066-1080.
McElroy, D., P. Moran, E. Bermingham & J. Kornfield, 1991. REAP: The Restriction Enzyme Analysis Package, version 4.0. Department of Zoology, University of Maine, Orono.
Melika, G., P. Ross-Farre, Z. S. Penzes & J. Pujade-Villar, 2004. UFO Abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymentoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariacae, 51 (4): 313-327.
Moretto, G. & M. C. Arias, 2005. Detection of mitochondrial DNA restriction site differences between the subspecies of Melipona quadrifascinata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Neotropical Entomology, 34 (3): 381-385.
Mutun, S., 2010. Intraspecific genetic variation and phylogeography of the oak gall wasp Andricus caputmedusae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): Effects of the Anatolian Diagonal. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariacae, 56 (2): 153- 172.
Nei, M. & W. H. Li, 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA, 76: 5269-5273.
Neigel, J. E. & J. C. Avise, 1993. Application of a random walk model to geographic distributions of animal mitochondrial DNA variation. Genetics, 135: 1209-1220.
Ronquist, F. & J. Liljeblad, 2001. Evolution of the gall wasp-host plant association. Evolution, 55: 2503-2522.
Rokas, A., R. J. Atkinson, L. M. I. Webster, C. György & G. N. Stone, 2003. Out of Anatolia: longitudinal gradients in genetic diversity support an eastern origin for a circum-Mediterranean oak gall wasp Andricus quercustozae. Molecular Ecology, 12: 2153-2174.
Simon, C., F. Fıratı, A. Beckenbach, B. Crespi, H. Liu & P. Flook, 1994. Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87 (6): 651-701.
Slatkin, M., 1991. Inbreeding coefficients and coalescence times. Genetical Research, 58: 167-175.
Stone, G. N., R. J. Challis, Atkinson, G. Csöka, A. Hayward, G. Melika, S. Mutun, S. Preuss, A. Rokas, E. Sadeghi & K. Schröngrogge, 2007. The phylogeographical clade trade: Tracing the impact of human mediated dispersal on the colonization of northern Europe by the oak gall wasp Andricus kollari. Molecular Ecology, 16: 2768-2781.