Entomopatojen fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1’in kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita ve M. arenaria) mücadelesinde etkinliği

Kök-ur nematod ları (KUN) (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae)’ları sebzelerin en önemli zararlılarındandır. Türkiye’de daha çok kıyı kesimlerinde seralarda yetiştirilen sebzelerde daha çok ve yoğun olarak görülmektedir. Ticari nematisitler çevre ve insan sağlığına yüksek oranda toksik olduklarından alternatif mücadele yöntemlerine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu metotlar arasında en etkili ve çevre dostu olan yöntemler içerisinde entomopatojen fungus (EPF)’ların kullanımı önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada KUN [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood ve M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood]’lerin mücadelesinde Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson) (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae)’in Türk izolatının kullanım olanağı değerlendirilmiştir. Denemeler plastik saksılarda yürütülmüş ve KUN’lerin 3000 yumurta ve 1000 L2 dönemleri toprağın 2 cm derinliğine uygulanmıştır. P. ilacinum, hemasitometrede 106, 107 ve 108 cfu ml-1 konsantrasyonda konidi sayımları yapılarak hazırlanmıştır. Pozitif kontrol KUN yumurtaları veya L2’leri içermekte, negatif kontrol de ise KUN bulunmamaktadır. Denemeler her uygulama için 5 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Her bitkideki toplam yumurta sayısı, bitki uzunluğu, bitki üst kısımlarının kuru ve yaş ağırlığı ile kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı kaydedilmiştir. Deneme sonuçlarına göre nematod sayısı inokulum yoğunluğunun artışına bağlı olarak azalmıştır. Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1‘in 108 cfu konsantrasyonu diğer konsantrasyonlardan daha etkili bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kök-ur nematodları, Purpureocillium lilacinum, entomopatojen, biyolojik kontrol, sebze

Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 for the control of the Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria)

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) are one of the major pests of the vegetables causing losses in crop production by forming knots on the roots. RKNs are generally seen in the greenhouse vegetable production areas of the coastal regions of Turkey. Because of commercial nematicides are highly toxic to environment and human health, alternative control strategies are needed. One of effective and environmental friendly methods is using entomopathogen fungi (EPFs) against nematodes. In this study, a potential biological control agents, Turkish isolate of EPF, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson) (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) was evaluated to control three species [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] of RKNs. Experiments were conducted in plastic pots, 1000 J2s and 3000 eegs of RKNs were applied to 2 cm deep holes in the pots. The serial dilutions of P. lilacinum conidia were prepared 106, 107 and 108 cfu ml-1 concentrations under haemocytometer. The two controls were pots with RKN eggs or J2s (positive control), and no RKN (negative control). Bioassays were replicated (pots) five times for each treatment. Total number of egg masses for each plant, plant height, fresh and dry weight of the upper parts of plants and fresh and dry root weight were recorded. Numbers of nematodes were decreased by increasing the inoculum level of the entomopatogenic fungi. 108 cfu concentrations of Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 were found more effective then other concentrations applied.

Keywords:

Root-knot nematodes, Purpureocillium lilacinum, entomopathogen, biological control, vegetable,

PDF

___

Ahmad, S. F. & T. A. Khan, 2004. Management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, by integration of Paecilomyces lilacinus with organic metarials in Chilli. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 37: 35-40.
Atkins, S. D., I. M. Clark, Pande, S., Hirsch P. R. & B. R. Kerry, 2005. The use of real-time PCR and species-specific primers for the identification and monitoring of Paecilomyces lilacinus. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology Ecology, 51: 257-264.
Cabanillas, E. & K. R. Barker, 1989. Impact of Paecilomyces lilacinus inoculum level and application time on control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Journal of Nematology, 21: 115-120.
Cannayane, I. & C. V. Sivakumar, 2001. Evaluation of Paecilomyces lilacinus (strain PL-nilgiris) against Meloidogyne incognita in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 40: 76-78. Davide, R. G., 1990. “Biological control of nematotes using Paecilomyces lilacinus in the Philippines, 156-163”. In: Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Proceedings of the Global Status of and Prospects for Integrated Pest Management of Root and Tuber Crops in the Tropics (25-30 October 1987, Nigeria), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 235 pp.
Daykin, M. E. & R. S. Hussey, 1985. “Staining and histopathological techniques in nematology, 39-48”. In: An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne Volume II: Methodology (Eds: K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphics, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
Dube, B. & G. C. Smart, 1987. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Pasteuria penetrans. Journal of Nematology,19: 222–227.
Eisenback, J. D. & H. H. Triantaphyllou, 1991. “Root-knot nematotes: Meloidogyne species and races, 281–286”. In: Manual of Agricultural Nematology (Ed: W. R. Nickle). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 1064 pp.
Elekcioğlu, İ. H. & N. Uygun, 1994. “Occurrence And Distribution Of Plant Parasitic Nematodes In Cash Crops In Eastern Mediterranean Region Of Türkiye, 409-410", Proceedings of 9th Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union (18-24 Eylül 1994, Aydın, Türkiye), Turkish Phytopathological Society, 567 pp.
Hashem, M. & K. A. Abo-Elyousr, 2011. Management of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato with combination of different biocontrol organisms. Crop Protection, 30: 285-292.
Hussey, R. S. & K. R. Barker, 1973. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter, 57: 1025-1028.
Jatala, P., 1986. Biological control of plant parasitic nematotes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24: 453-489. Kepenekci, İ., E. Evlice, A. Aşkın, M. Özakman & B. Tunalı, 2009. Burdur, Isparta ve Eskişehir illerindeki örtüaltı sebze yetiştiriciliğinde sorun olan kök-ur nematotları (Meloidogyne spp.)’nın fungal ve bakteriyel patojenlerinin belirlenmesi üzerine araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 49: 21-30.
Kepenekci, İ., 2012. Nematoloji (Bitki Paraziti ve Entomopatojen Nematotlar) [Genel Nematoloji (Cilt-I), Taksonomik Nematoloji (Cilt-II)]. Eğitim, Yayım ve Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlığı, Tarım Bilim Serisi Yayın No:3, LIV+1155 s.
Kepenekci, İ., E. Oksal, H. D. Sağlam, T. Atay, A. Tülek & E. Evlice, 2015. Identification of Turkish isolate of entomopathogenic fungi, Purpureocillium lilacinum (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus) and its effect on potato pests, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomalidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 25: 121-127.
Khan, A., K. L. Williams & H. K. M. Nevalainen, 2003. Testing the nematophagous biological control strain Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 for paecilotoxin production. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology Letters, 227: 107-111.
Khan, A., K. L. Williams & H. K. M. Nevalainen, 2006. Infection of plant-parasitic nematotes by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Monacrosporium lysipagum. Biocontrol, 51: 659-678.
Khan, M. R., S. M. Khan & F. Mohide, 2005. Root-knot nematode problem of some winter ornamental plants and its biomanagement. Journal of Nematology, 37: 198-206.
Kiewnick, S., 2004. “Biological control of plant parasitic nematotes with Paecilomyces lilacinus, strain 251, 133-143”. In: Multitrophic Interactions in Soil. International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control /West Palaearctic Regional Section Bulletin, 302 pp.
Kiewnick, S. & R. A. Sikora, 2006. Biological control of the root-knot nematote Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. Biological Control, 38: 179-187.
Luangsa-Ard, J., J. Houbraken, T. van Doorn, S-B. Hong, A. M. Borman, N. L. Hywel-Jones & R. A. Samson, 2011. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiol Letters, 321: 141-149.
Mohammad, A. B., Z. Eskandar, S. Saeid, J. Mohammad & M. Fariba, 2007. Evaluation of sulfosulfuran for broadleaved and grass weed control in wheat (L.) in Iran. Crop Protection, 26: 1385-1389.
Morgan-Jones, G., J. F. White & R. Rodriguez-Kabana, 1984. Phytonematote pathology: ultrastructural studies II. Parasitism of Meloidogyne arenaria eggs and larvae by Paecilomyces lilacinus. Nematropica, 14: 57–71.
Oclarit, E. L., C. Joseph & R. Cumagun, 2009. Evaluatıon of efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus as biological control agent of Meloidogyne incognita attacking tomato. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 49: 337-340.
Park, J. O., J. R. Hargreaves, E. J. McConville, G. R. Stirling, E. L. Ghisalberti & K. Sivasithamparam, 2004. Production of leucinostatins and nematicidal activity of Australian isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 38: 271-276.
Riker, A. S. & R. S. Riker, 1936. Introduction of research of plant diseases. John S.Swift, St, St. Louis, 117 pp.
Sharma, A., S. Sharma & M. Dalela, 2014. Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus 6029 cultured on Karanja cake medium. Microbial Pathogenesis, 75: 16-20.
Siddiqui, Z. A. & I. Mahmood, 1995. Role of plant symbionts in nematote management, a review. Bioresource Technology, 54: 217–226.
Sikora, R. A. & E. Fernandez, 2005. “Nematode Parasites of Vegetables, 319-392”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematotes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds: M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge) 2.nd Edition, CABI Wallingford, UK, 492 pp.
Topp, E., S. Millar, H. Bork & M. Welsh, 1998. Effects of marigold (Tagetes sp.) roots on soil microorganisms. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27: 149-154.
Sahebani, N. & N. Hadavi, 2008. Biological control of the root knot nematote Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40: 2016-2020. SPSS, 1999. SPSS for Windows, release 10.0.1. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS.
Udo, I. A., M. I. Uguru & R. O. Ogbuji, 2013. Pathogenicty of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 on tomatoes as influenced by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus in a Dysteric cambisol soil. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53: 71-78.
Wakil, W., M. U. Ghazanfar, Y. J. Kwon, E. Ullah, S. Islam & K. Ali, 2012. Testing Paecilomyces lilacinus, diatomaceous earth and Azadirachta indicaalone and in combination against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) (Insecta: Homoptera: Aphididae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 821–828.
Whitehead, A. G., 1998. Plant Nematote Control. CAB. International, New York, USA, 209-236 pp.