Ahmad Fadhil Mohd SALLEH, Mohammad Noor Azmai AMAL, Nurrul Shaqinah NASRUDDIN, Syaizwan Zahmir ZULKIFLI, Ferdaus Mohamat YUSUFF, Wan Norhamidah Wan IBRAHIM, Ahmad ISMAIL

Water pH effects on survival, reproductive performances, and ultrastructure of gonads, gills, and skins of the Javanese medaka ( Oryzias javanicus )

The Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) has the potential to be developed as a test organism. It also exhibited many characteristics that are similar to those of well-known laboratory fishes. This study determined the effects of water pH on the survival, reproductive performances, and ultrastructure of the gonads, gills, and skins of the Javanese medaka. This study confirmed that Javanese medakas treated with pH 6-7 displayed the lowest mortality, but increased in egg production and hatchability. This supposition is supported by strong evidence from the oocytes and testes stage analyses, including histological examinations. The ultrastructure of gills and skins of fish treated in that range was also less histologically affected, indicating its suitability range. The sensitivity of the Javanese medaka towards environmental changes, in terms of the selected physiological performances and cellular level, indicate its potential as a test organism in tropical regions.

Keywords:

pH, Javanese medaka, survival, reproductive performances, ultrastructure,

PDF

___

Imai S, Koyama J, Fujii K. Effects of estrone on full life cycle of Java medaka ( Oryzias javanicus ), a new marine test fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007; 26: 726-731.
Koyama J, Imai S, Fujii K, Kawai S, Yap CK, Ismail A. Pollution by estrogens in river and estuarine waters around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and their effects on the estuarine Java- medaka, Oryzias javanicus . Jpn J Environ Toxicol 2006; 9: 141- 147.
Yu RMK, Wong MML, Kong RYC, Wu RSS, Cheng SH. Induction of hepatic choriogenin mRNA expression in male marine medaka: a highly sensitive biomarker for environmental estrogens. Aquat Toxicol 2006; 77: 348-358.
Ismail A, Yusof S. Effect of mercury and cadmium on early life stages of Java medaka ( Oryzias javanicus ): a potential tropical test fish. Marine Poll Bull 2011; 63: 347-349.
Yusof S, Ismail A, Alias MS. Effect of glyphosate-based herbicide on early life stages of Java medaka ( Oryzias javanicus ): a potential tropical test fish. Marine Poll Bull 2014; 85: 494-498.
Inoue K, Takei Y. Diverse adaptability in Oryzias species to high environmental salinity. Zool Sci 2002; 19: 727-734.
Yusof S, Ismail A, Koito T, Kinoshita M, Inoue K. Occurrence of two closely related ricefishes, Javanese medaka ( Oryzias javanicus ) and Indian medaka ( O. dancena ) at sites with different salinity in Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Biol Fish 2012; 93: 43-49.
Ismail A, Yusof S, Rahman F. Notes on the occurrence of medaka fish in South Johor, Malaysia. Malay Nat J 2014; 66: 36-40.
Termvidchakorn A, Magtoon W. Development and identification of the ricefish Oryzias in Thailand. ScienceAsia 2008; 34: 416-423.
Magtoon W, Termvidchakorn A. A revised taxonomic account of rice fish Oryzias (Beloniformes; Adrianichthyidae), in Thailand, Indonesia and Japan. Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 2009; 9: 35-68.
Kinoshita M, Murata K, Naruse K, Tanaka M. Medaka: Biology, Management and Experimental Protocols. Ames, IA, USA: Wiley–Blackwell. 2009; pp. 444.
Parenti LR, Grier HJ. Evolution and phylogeny of gonad morphology in bony fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2004; 44: 333- 348.
Evans DH, Piermarini PM, Choe KP. The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 97-177.
Hawkes JW. The structure of fish skin. I. General organization. Cell Tiss Res 1974; 149: 147-158.
Cengiz EI. Gill and kidney histopathology in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio after acute exposure to deltamethrin. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 22: 200-204.
Miron DS, Moraes B, Becker AG, Crestani M, Spanevello R, Loro VL, Baldisserotto B. Ammonia and pH effects on some metabolic parameters and gill histology of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae). Aquaculture 2008; 277: 192- 196.
Song YF, Luo Z, Huang C, Liu X, Pan YX, Chen QL. Effects of calcium and copper exposure on lipogenic metabolism, metal element compositions and histology in Synechogobius hasta . Fish Physiol Biochem 2013; 39: 1641-1656.
Kumai Y, Bahubeshi A, Steele S, Perry SF. Strategies for maintaining Na + balance in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) during prolonged exposure to acidic water. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160: 52-62.
Kwong RWM, Perry SF. Cortisol regulates epithelial permeability and sodium losses in zebrafish exposed to acidic water. J Endocrinol 2013; 217: 253-264.
Kwong RWM, Kumai Y, Perry SF. The physiology of fish at low pH: the zebrafish as a model system. J Exp Biol 2014; 217: 651- 662.
Nakamura Y, Yamamoto H, Sekizawa J, Kondo T, Hirai N, Tatarazako N. The effects of pH on fluoxetine in Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ): acute toxicity in fish larvae and bioaccumulation in juvenile fish. Chemosphere 2008; 70: 865- 873.
Koger CS, Teh SJ, Hinton DE. Variations of light and temperature regimes and resulting effects on reproductive parameters in medaka ( Oryzias latipes ). Biol Reprod 1999; 61: 1287-1293.
Yön NDK, Aytekin Y, Yüce R. Ovary maturation stages and histological investigation of ovary of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Braz Arch Biol Technol 2008; 51: 513-522.
Papoulias DM, Tillitt DE, Talykina MG, Whyte JJ, Richter CA. Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ). Aquat Toxicol 2014; 154: 230-239.
Blazer VS. Histopathological assessment of gonadal fish tissue in wild fishes. Fish Physiol Biochem 2002; 26: 85-101.
Noga EJ. Skin ulcers in fish: pfiesteria and other etiologies. Toxicol Pathol 2000; 28: 807-823.
McCormick SD. Endocrine control of osmoregulation in teleost fish. Am Zool 2001; 41: 781-794.
McCormick SD, Bradshaw D. Hormonal control of salt and water balance in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147: 3-8.
Ikuta K, Kitamura S. Effects of low pH exposure of adult salmonids on gametogenesis and embryo development. Water Air Soil Pollut 1995; 85: 327-332.
Kurita Y, Meier S, Kjesbu OS. Oocyte growth and fecundity regulation by atresia of Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ) in relation to body condition throughout the maturation cycle. J Sea Res 2003; 49: 203-219.
Ruby SM, Aczel J, Craig CR. The effects of depressed pH on oogenesis in flagfish Jordanella floridae . Water Res 1977; 11: 757-762.
Peterson RH, Daye PG, Lacroix GL, Garside ET. Reproduction in fish experiencing acid and metal stress. Eds: T. A. Haines; R. E. Johnson. Acid rain/fisheries. Proc. Int. Symp. Acid Precipitation and Fishery Impacts in North America. Northeastern Division. American Fisheries Society 1982.
Laurent P, Wilkie MP, Chevalier C, Wood CM. The effect of highly alkaline water (pH 9.5) on the morphology and morphometry of chloride cells and pavement cells in the gills of the freshwater rainbow trout: relationship to ionic transport and ammonia excretion. Can J Zool 2000; 78: 307-319.
Dziewulska K, Domagała J. Histology of salmonid testes during maturation. Reprod Biol 2002; 3: 47-61.
Chezhian A, Senthamilselvan D, Kabilan N. Histological changes induced by ammonia and pH on the gills of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Linnaeus). Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2012; 7: 588-596.
de Souza KB, Jutfelt F, Kling P, Lars F, Sturve J. Effects of increased CO 2 on fish gill and plasma proteome. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e102901.
Wilkie MP, Wright PA, Iwama GK, Wood CM. The physiological responses of the Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi ), a resident of highly alkaline Pyramid Lake (pH 9.4), to challenge at pH 10. J Exp Biol 1993; 175: 173-194.
Wilkie MP, Laurent P, Wood CM. Differential regulation of Na + and Cl – movements across rainbow trout gills: the influence of highly alkaline (pH = 9.5) water. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72: 360-368.
Scott DM, Lucas MC, Wilson RW. The effect of high pH on ion balance, nitrogen excretion and behaviour in freshwater fish from an eutrophic lake: a laboratory and field study. Aquat Toxicol 2005; 73: 31-43.
Frances J, Nowak BF, Allan GL. Effect of ammonia on juvenile silver perch ( Bidyanus bidyanus ). Aquaculture 2000; 183: 95- 103.
Lemarie G, Dosdat A, Coves D, Dutto G, Gasset E, Ruyet JP. Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) juveniles. Aquaculture 2004; 229: 471-491.
Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Contreras RG, Bolívar JJ, Ponce A, Chávez De Ramirez B, Cereijido M. Role of calcium in tight junction formation between epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: 978-986.
Freda J, Sanchez DA, Bergman HL. Shortening of branchial tight junction acid-exposed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1991; 48: 2028-2033.
Gonzalez RJ, Dunson WA. Acclimation of sodium regulation to low pH and the role of calcium in the acid-tolerant sunfish Enneacanthus obesus . Physiol Zool 1989; 62: 977-992.
Iger Y, Balm PHM, Wendelaar BSE. Cellular responses of the skin and changes in plasma cortisol levels of trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) exposed to acidified water. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278: 535-542.