Paula Nassar DE MARCHI, Rafael FAGNANI, Luiz Henrique de Araújo MACHADO, Luciane HOLSBACK, Jéssica Ragazzi CALESSO, Ademir ZACARIAS JUNIOR, Mauro José Lahm CARDOSO

Metabolic profile and adipokine levels in overweight and obese dogs

Obesity in dogs is increasingly present in the veterinary practice. In humans, it is known that there is a significant correlation between obesity and the development of hypertension and insulin resistance (IR), a clinical picture called metabolic syndrome. In dogs, however, there are only anecdotes about the syndrome. The objectives of this study were to determine serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, homeostasis assessment of B cell function (HOMA-B), homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in dogs with different body conditions (BC) and body fat (BF) without endocrine disease. For this purpose, 76 healthy dogs were submitted to evaluation of body conditions score (BCS) and morphometry. The dogs were separated into 3 groups: optimal BC [BCS 3,4, or 5 of 9 and BF% of 13 to 27-Group 1 (G1)], overweight [BCS 6 and 7 of 9 and BF% of 14 to 38- Group 2 (G2)], obese [BCS 8 and 9 of 9 and BF% greater than or equal to 34-Group 3 (G3)]. G3 presented higher serum levels of total protein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Adipokines did not correlate to any other parameter, but the occurrence of hyperinsulinemia was higher in G3. The results have shown that obese dogs presented IR and alterations in fat metabolism.

PDF

___

1. Corbee RJ. Obesity in show dogs. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition2013; 97 (5): 904-910. doi:10.1111/j.1439- 0396.2012.01336.x.
2. German AJ. The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. The Journal of Nutrition 2006; 136: 1940S-46S. doi: 10.1093/ jn/136.7.1940S.
3. Zoran DL. Obesity in dogs and cats: a metabolic and endocrine disorder. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice2010; 40 (2): 221-239. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.009.
4. Toth PP, Henriksson KM, Palmer MK. Metabolic syndrome and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal attainment in the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). In: National Lipid Association Scientific Sessions. New Orleans: Painel. 2016; 2003-12.
5. Park H, Lee S, Oh J, SEO K, Song K. Leptin, adiponectin and serotonin levels in lean and obese dogs. BMC Veterinary Research 2014; 10 (113): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-113.
6. Verkest KR, Rand JS, Fleeman LM, Morton JM, Richards AA, et al. Distinct adiponectin profiles might contribute to differences in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in dogs and humans. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2011a; 4: 67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.03.003.
7. Verkest KR, Fleeman LM, Morton JM, Ishioka K, Rand JS. Compensation for obesity-induced insulin resistance in dogs: assessment of the effects of leptin, adiponectin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 using path analysis. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2011b; 41: 24-34. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.02.001.
8. Tvarijonaviciute A, Cerón JJ, Holden SL, Cuthbertson DJ, Biourge V, et al. Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in dogs: a comparison with human metabolic syndrome. BMC Veterinary Research 2012; 8 (147): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1746- 6148-8-147.
9. Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Practice 1997; 22 (4): 10-15.
10. Burkholder WJ, Toll PW. Obesity. In: Hand MS, Tatcher CD, Remillard RL, Roudebusch. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 4th ed. Topeka: Mark Morris Institute; 2000; 401-430.
11. Behrend EN, Kooistra RN, Nelson CE, Reusch CE, Scott-Moncrieff JC. Diagnosis of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM consensus statement (small animal). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2013; 27(6): 1292-304. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12192.
12. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and B-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28 (7): 412-419. doi: 10.1007/bf00280883.
13. Henik RA, Dolson MK, Wenholz LJ. How to obtain a blood pressure measurement. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 2005; 20 (3): 144-150. doi: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2005.05.005.
14. Pérez-Sánches AP, Del-Angel-Caraza J, Quijano-Hernández IA, Barbosa-Meireles MA. Obesity-hypertension and its relation to other diseases in dogs. Veterinary Research Communications 2015; 39 (1): 45-51. doi: 10.1007/s11259-015-9630-9.
15. Melhman E, Bright JM, Jeckel K, Porsche C, Veeramachaneni DN, et al. Echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in obese dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2013; 27 (1): 62-68. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12018.
16. Piendetosi D, DI Loria A, Guccione J, De Rosa A, Fabbri S, et al. Serum biochemistry profile, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and cardiovascular findings in obese dogs. The Veterinary Journal 2016; 216: 72-78. doi: 10.1016/j. tvjl.2016.07.002.
17. Söder J, Wernersson S, Hagman R, Karlsson I, Malmlöf K, et al. Metabolic and hormonal response to a feed-challenge test in lean and overweight dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2016; 30 (2): 574-592. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13830.
18. Respondek F, Swanson KS, Belsito KR, Vester BM, Wagner A, et al. Short-chains fructooligosaccharides influence insulin sensitivity and gene expression of fat tissue in obese dogs. Journal of Nutrition 2008; 138 (9): 1712-1718.
19. Adolphe JL, Silver TI, Childs H, Drew MD, Weber LP. Short-term obesity results in detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular changes that may not be reversed with weight loss in an obese dog model. British Journal of Nutrition 2014; 112 (4): 647-656. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514001214.
20. Cardoso MJ, Fagnani R, Cavalcante CZ, Zanutto MS, ZacariasJúnior A, et al. Blood pressure, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in dogs with different body scores. Veterinary Medicine International 2016; 1-7. doi: 10.1155/2016/8675283.
21. Verkest KR, Rand JS, Fleeman LM, Morton JM. Spontaneously obese dogs exhibit greater postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations than lean dogs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2012; 42 (2): 103-12. doi: 10.1016/j. domaniend.2011.10.002.
22. German AJ, Hervera M, Hunter L, Holden SL, Morris PJ, et al. Improvement in insulin resistance and reduction in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss in obese dogs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2009; 37 (4): 214-26. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.07.001.
23. Ishioka K, Omachi A, Sasaki N, Kimura K, Saito M. Feline Adiponectin: Molecular Structures and Plasma Concentrations in Obese Cats. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2009; 71(2): 189-194.
24. Takashima S, Nishii N, Kobatake Y, Kiyosue M, Kimura S, Kitagawa H. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in the serum of obese cats during weight loss. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2019; 81(9): 1294–1300.
25. Brunson BL. Characterization of adiponectin in the canine. Doctor, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Alabama, United States 2007.
26. Ricci R, Bevilacqua F. The potential role of leptin and adiponectin in obesity: a comparative review. The Veterinary Journal 2012; 191 (3): 292-298.
27. Brunson BL, Zhong Q, Clarke KJ, et al. Serum concentrations of adiponectin and characterization of adiponectin protein complexes in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2007; 68 (1): 57-62.
28. Muñoz-Prieto A, Martínez-Subiela S, Caldin M, Cerón JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A. Use of proteases for the evaluation of the different adiponectin isoforms in the dogs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 2020; 70: 1-4.
29. Loftus JP, Wakshlag JJ. Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports 2015; 6: 49-60.
30. Müller L, Kollár E, Balogh L, Pöstényi Z, Márián T, et al. Body fat distribution and metabolic consequences – examination opportunities in dogs. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2014; 62 (2): 169-79. doi: 10.1556/AVet.2013.057.
31. Blees NR, Wolfswinkel J, Kooistra HS, Corbee RJ. Influence of macronutrient composition of commercial diets on circulanting leptin and adiponectin concentrations in overweight dogs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2020; 104: 698- 706.