Metabolic indicators for early pregnancy in zebu and crossbred dairy cows reared in a subtropical climate
To identify metabolic indicators in blood and urine for early pregnancy in dairy cows (32 crossbred and 12 purebred zebu cows), blood and urine samples were collected on days 0, 15, 20, 24, and 30 postbreeding. The plasma progesterone (P4) concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pregnant cows than in nonpregnant cows after day 15. The plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pregnant cows on day 15. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, protein, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant cows. The urine protein concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pregnant zebu cows compared to nonpregnant zebu cows. Plasma P4 was significantly (P < 0.001) and positively associated with urine glucose levels in nonpregnant crossbred cows. In nonpregnant zebu cows, the correlation between P4 was positive (P < 0.05) with plasma cholesterol, glucose, urine glucose, and protein. In pregnant zebu cows, P4 was negatively associated with plasma BUN and positively (P < 0.05) associated with both plasma and urine glucose levels. Thus, urinary proteins can be used as a noninvasive tool for early nonpregnancy confirmation in cows with very high accuracy at around 24 days after artificial insemination.
___
- Fricke PM. Scanning the future ult
rasonography as a
reproductive management tool for dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci
2002; 85: 1918-1926.
- Abdullah M, Mohanty TK, Kumaresan A, Mohanty AK,
Madkar AR, Baithalu RK, Bhakat M. Early pregnancy diagnosis
in dairy cattle: economic importance and
accuracy
of
ultrasonography. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2014; 2: 464-467.
- Lucy MC, Green JC, Meyer JP, Williams AM, Newsom EM,
Keisler DH. Short communication: glucose and fructose
concentrations and expression of glucose transporters in 4 to
6 week pregnancies collected from Holstein cows that were
either lactating or not lactating. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95: 5095-
5101.
- Lucy MC, Butler ST, Garverick HA. Endocrine and metabolic
mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic
and foetal development in dairy cows. Animal 2014; 8 (Suppl.
1): 82-90.
- Zvorc Z, Matijatko V, Beer B, Forsek J, Bedrica L, Kucer N.
Blood serum proteinograms in pregnant and non-pregnant
cows. Vet Arhiv 2000; 70: 21-30.
- Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschuemperlin K, Leuenberger
H, Chilliard Y, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Zbinden
Y et al. Estimation of energy balance at the individual and herd
level using blood and milk traits in high-yielding dairy cows. J
Dairy Sci 2002; 85: 3314-3327.
- Bathla S, Rawat P, Baithalu R, Yadav ML, Naru J, Tiwari A,
Kumar S, Balhara AK, Singh S, Chaudhary S et al. Profiling of
urinary proteins in Karan Fries cows reveals more than 1550
proteins. J Proteomics 2015; 127: 193-201.
- Muhamad F, Sarvar A, Hayat CS, Anwar MI. Peripheral plasma
progesterone concentration during early pregnancy in Holstein
Friesian cows. Pak Vet J 2000; 20: 166-168.
- Alameen AO, Abdelatif AM. Metabolic and endocrine
responses of crossbred dairy cows in relation to pregnancy and
season under tropical conditions. American Eurasian Journal
of Agricultural & Environmental Science 2012; 12: 1065-1074.
- Nandre R, Joshi C, Derashri H. Pregnancy proteins:
early indication of pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals.
International Journal of Life Science & Pharma Research 2012;
2: L1-L8.
- National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy
Cattle. 7th ed. Washington, DC, USA. National Academy
Press; 2001.
- Broaddus BMS, de Vries A. A comparison of methods for early
pregnancy diagnosis. Proceedings of the 2nd Florida Dairy
Road Show; 2005.
- Bhoraniya BL, Dhami AJ, Killedar A. Influence of estrus
synchronization protocols on fertility plasma progesterone and
biochemical constituents in Kankrej cows. Indian J Anim Sci
2012; 33: 14-18.
- Astiti LGS, Panjaitan T. Serum progesterone concentration
in Bali cow during pregnancy. Open Sci Repository Vet Med
2013; e70081943.
- Lucy M, Poock S. Pregnancy determination by palpation and
beyond. Proceedings of the Applied Reproductive Strategies
in Beef Cattle; December 3–4; Sioux Falls, SD, USA. 2012. pp.
309-318.
- Waldman A. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for milk
progesterone using a monoclonal antibody. Anim Reprod Sci
1993; 34: 19-30.
- Otava G, Cernescu H, Mircu C, Igna V. Pregnancy diagnosis
in cow using progesterone measurements. Lucrari Stiinlifice
Medicina Veterinara 2007; 90: 95-97.
- Romano JE, Thompson JA, Kraemer DC, Westhusin ME,
Tomaszweski MA, Kraemer DC. Early pregnancy diagnosis by
palpation per rectum on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Am
Vet Med A 2011; 239: 668-673.
- Doepel L, Lapierre H, Kenneky JJ. Peripartum performance and
metabolism of
dairy cows in response to peripartum energy
and protein intake. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85: 2315-2334.
- Bode ML, Gilbert RO, Butler WR. Effects of high plasma urea
nitrogen levels on bovine embryo quality and development. J
Dairy Sci 2001; 84 (Suppl. 1): 116.
- Padodara RJ, Ayra JS, Jacob N. Biochemical profiles at different
stages of gestation in triple crossbred cattle. Indian J Dairy Sci
2012; 65: 1-4.
- Djokovic R, Vladimir Zoran Ilic K, Cincovic M, Petrovic
M, Fratric N, Jasovic B. Evaluation of metabolic status in
Simmental dairy cows during late pregnancy and early
lactation. Vet Archiv 2013; 83: 593-602.
- Mir MR, Pampori ZA, Iqbal S, Bhat JIA, Pal MA, Kirmani
MA. Hemato-biochemical indices of crossbred cows during
different stages of pregnancy. Inter J Dairy Sci 2008; 3: 154-159.
- Westwood CT, Lean IJ, Garvin JK. Factors influencing fertility
of Holstein dairy cows, a multivariate analysis. J Dairy Sci
2002; 85: 3225-3237.
- Dehkordi, MK, Bolourchi M, Safi S, Foroushani AR. Association
between blood
metabolites and pregnancy success at first
service in Iranian dairy cows. Global Veterinaria 2012; 9: 726-
731.
- Khan JR, Ludri RS. Changes in maternal blood glucose and
plasma non-esterified fatty acid during pregnancy and around
parturition in twin and single fetus bearing crossbred goats.
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2002; 15: 504-
508.
- Butler WR, Calaman JJ, Beam SW. Plasma and milk urea
nitrogen in relation to
pregnancy rate in lactating dairy
cattle. J Anim Sci 1996; 74: 858-865.
- Dhali A. Studies on the effect of feeding management system
on blood and milk urea nitrogen concentration in dairy cattle.
PhD, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India, 2001.
- Butler WR. Nutritional effects on resumption of ovarian
cyclicity and conception
rate in postpartum dairy cows.
Anim Sci Occas 2001; 26: 133-145.
- Reist M, Koller A, Busato A, Kupfer U, Blum JW. First ovulation
and ketone body status in the early postpartum period of dairy
cows. Theriogenology 2002; 54: 685-701.
- Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance
influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet Clin
North Am Food Anim Pract 2000; 16: 215-230.
- Katiyar R, Prasad S, Gupta HP. Changes on biochemical profile
of urine during early pregnancy in buffaloes. Proceedings of
the National Symposium on Addressing Animal Reproductive
Stresses Through Biotechnological Tools and XXVIII Annual
Convention of the Indian Society for Study of Animal
Reproduction. AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India;
2012. pp. 42.
- Butler WR. Energy balance relationships with follicular
development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows.
Livest Prod Sci 2003; 83: 211-218.
- Davoudi IY, Mobaraki J. Evaluation of serumic level of NEFA
in Sarabian and Holstein dairy cattle in Sarab. Ann Biol Res
2012; 3: 2809-2812.