Impacts of nipple drinker position on water intake, water wastage and drinking duration of pigs

Impacts of nipple drinker position on water intake, water wastage and drinking duration of pigs

Water determines the life quality of pigs, however, adequate measures need to be taken in order to reduce wastage while theanimals are drinking. The current study hypothesized and examined a suitable position at which to fix the nipple drinker to providesufficient drinking water to pigs while also limiting water wastage. Additionally, this study describes both the drinking pattern anddrinking duration of pigs. The height to place the drinker was calculated based on the neck movement of the pigs (neck movementangle, NMA). According to the NMA, 3 independent treatments were investigated with angles placed at clockwise 30°, 0°, and counterclockwise 30°. These positions will be correspondingly referred to as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. To understand the diurnal drinkingpattern and drinking duration, along with each pig’s drinking cycle, the number of visits to the drinker was recorded with a camera.The outcome shows that T3 had less water wastage and a higher average daily gain compared to T1 and T2. Further, the number ofvisits to the drinker and drinking duration were affected by the treatments. The research affirmed that the nipple drinker with a counterclockwise 30° angle at a proper height is the best at reducing water wastage for finishing pigs. Correspondingly, the T3 treatment mightcreate opportunities to drink more water in group housed pigs.

___

  • 1. Araújo GGL, Voltolini TV, Chizzotti ML, Turco SHN, Carvalho FFR. Water and small ruminant production. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 2010; 39: 326-336. doi:10.1590/S1516- 35982010001300036
  • 2. Adan A. Cognitive Performance and Dehydration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2012; 31: 71-78. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720011
  • 3. Faries FC, Sweeten J, Reagor J. Water quality: its relationship to livestock. Texas Agricultural Extension Service 1998; L-2374.
  • 4. Robert S, Weary DM, Gonyou H. Segregated early weaning and welfare of piglets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1999; 2 (1): 31-40. doi: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0201_3
  • 5. Kober JA. Water: the most limiting nutrient. Agri-Practice 1993; 14: 39-42.
  • 6. Brooks PH, Carpenter JL, Barber J, Gill BP. Production and welfare problems relating to the supply of water to growingfinishing pigs. Pig Veterinary Journal 1989; 23: 51-66.
  • 7. Dybkjaer L, Jacobsen AP, Togersen FA. Eating and drinking activity of newly weaned piglets- effects of mixing and adding zinc to the feed. Journal of Animal Science 2006; 84 (3): 702- 711. doi: 10.2527/2006.843702x
  • 8. Brumm MC, Dahlquist JM, Heemstra, JM. Impact of feeders and drinker devices on pig performance, water use, and manure volume. Journal of Swine Health and Production 2000; 8 (2): 51- 57.
  • 9. López-Vergé S, Gasa J, Temple D, Bonet J, Coma J et al. Strategies to improve the growth and homogeneity of growing-finishing pigs: feeder space and feeding management. Porcine health management 2018; 4: 14. doi:10.1186/s40813-018-0090-9
  • 10. Bøe KE, Kjelvik O. Water nipples or water bowls for weaned piglets: Effect on water intake, performance, and plasma osmolality. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A: Animal Sciences 2011; 61 (2): 86-91. doi: 10.1080/09064702.2011.599859
  • 11. Phillips PA, Fraser D, Thompson BK. The influence of water nipple flow rate and position, and room temperature on sow water intake and spillage. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 1990; 6: 75-78. doi: 10.13031/2013.26348
  • 12. Li YZ, Chénard L, Lemay SP, Gonyou HW. Water intake and wastage at nipple drinkers by growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 2005; 83 (6): 1413-1422. doi: 10.2527/2005.8361413x
  • 13. Verhoeve RSJM. Analysis of measurement data obtained from simulated whiplash motions on anaesthetised pigs. TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven 1993; 159.
  • 14. Fraser D, Patience JF, Phillips PA, Mcleese JM. Water for piglets and lactating sows: quantity, quality and quandaries. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Sevenoaks Butterworths 1990; 137- 160.
  • 15. Nielsen B. On the interpretation of feeding behaviour measures and the use of feeding rate as an indicator of social constraint. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1999; 63: 79-91. doi: 10.1016/ S0168-1591(99)00003-9
  • 16. Andersen HML, Dybkjær L, Herskin MS. Growing pigs’ drinking behaviour: Number of visits, duration, water intake and diurnal variation. Animal 2014; 8 (11): 1881-1888. doi: 10.1017/ S175173111400192X
  • 17. Pitts AD, Weary DM, Pajor EA, Fraser D. Mixing at young ages reduces fighting in unacquainted domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2000; 68 (3): 191-197. doi: 10.1016/S0168- 1591(00)00104-0
  • 18. Pedersen B, Ravn P. Characteristics of floors for pig pens: friction, shock absorption, ammonia emission and heat conduction. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Ejournal 2008; X: 1-16.
  • 19. Li YZ, Wang LH, Johnston LJ. Effects of farrowing system on behavior and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs’. Journal of Animal Science 2012; 90 (3): 1008-1014. doi: 10.2527/ jas.2011-4050
  • 20. Patience JF. The importance of water in pork production. Animal Frontiers 2012; 2 (2): 28-35. doi: 10.2527/af.2012-0037
  • 21. Mroz Z, Jongbloed A, Lenis N, Vreman K. Water in pig nutrition: physiology, allowances and environmental implications. Nutrition Research Reviews 1995; 8 (1): 137-164. doi: 10.1079/NRR19950010
  • 22. Predicala BZ & Alvarado AC. (2014). Alternatives for animal drinking and barn cleaning to reduce water use in swine facilities. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 2014; 56: 5.7-5.15. doi: 10.7451/CBE.2014.56.5.7
  • 23. Chimainski M, Ceron MS, Kuhn FC, Muniz HCM, Rocha LT et al. Water disappearance dynamics in growing-finishing pig production. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 2019: 48: e20180258.
  • 24. Villagrá A, Althaus RL, Lainez M, Martinez AB, Torres AG. Modelling of daily rhythms of behavioural patterns in growing pigs on two commercial farms. Biological Rhythm Research 2007; 38 (5): 347-354. doi: 10.1080/09291010600950131
  • 25. Pijpers A, Schoevers EJ, van Gogh H, van Leengoed LAMG, Visser IJR et al. The influence of disease on feed and water consumption and on pharmacokinetics of orally administered oxytetracycline in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 1991; 69 (7): 2947-2954. doi: 10.2527/1991.6972947x
  • 26. Bigelow JA, Houpt TR. Feeding and drinking patterns in young pigs. Physiology & Behavior 1988; 43 (1): 99-109. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90104-7
  • 27. Kim, HT, Ikeda Y, Choi HL. The identification of Japanese black cattle by their faces. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2005; 18 (6): 868-872. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2005.868
  • 28. McDonald LM, Crane J, Stewart AH, Edwards S, English PR. The effect of drinking trough space on the performance and behaviour of growing pigs in large groups on deep-bedded straw. Animal Science 1996; 62: 677-678.
  • 29. Turner SP, Edwards SA, Bland VC. The influence of drinker allocation and group size on the drinking behaviour, welfare and production of growing pigs. Animal Science 1999; 68 (4): 617-624. doi: 10.1017/S1357729800050645