Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CPA) is an uncommon cause of oropharyngealdysphagia (OPD) which is the failure of upper esophageal sphincter (UES)to relax during bolus passage. The diagnostic challenges in OPD have beenovercome with the use of high resolution manometry (HRM) in childrenwhere a catheter based biomechanical evaluation testing of the oropharyngealswallowing is performed. Herein, we present a case with severe dysphagiadiagnosed as CPA utilizing HRM testing. An 8-year-old boy was seen in ourclinic with a two-year history of difficult swallowing, recurrent respiratorytract infections, hypoxia and seizure secondary to aspiration. Esophagographyrevealed an indentation of the cricopharangeal muscle (CPM) in the cervicalpart of the esophagus. Videofluroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) revealedcricopharyngeal bar at level of C5-6 and diffuse dysmotility in esophagus.Conventional esophageal manometry revealed absence of peristaltic activitythroughout the esophagus. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed narrowingin upper esophagus that with applied force allowed passage of the endoscope.The patient underwent UES dilatation 6 times. He had temporary relief ofsymptoms. Since he did not have sustained response to dilatation, a botuliniumtoxin (5IU/each quadrant) injection (BTI) to CPM was performed twice. Hissymptoms recurred at the end of 3 months. HRM was performed revealingweakness of CPM and uncoordinated contractions and relaxations in UES. Wecould not reliably differentiate if HRM findings were a sign of primary illnessor secondary to BTI. Swallowing rehabilitation was adjusted based on HRMfindings. He is still under follow-up with mild dysphagia to certain solids.CPA is an uncommon cause of dysphagia with limited therapeutic options.HRM should be performed in OPD before considering any treatment modalityincluding esophageal dilatation and BTI. HRM has become gold standarddiagnostic tool in OPD that provides objective evaluation of pharyngeal andUES motility in children.
___
1. Scholes MA, McEvoy T, Mousa H, Wiet GJ. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in children: botulinum toxin injection as a toll for diagnosis and treatment. Laryngoscope 2014; 124: 1475-1480.
2. Utian HL, Thomas RG. Cricopharyngeal incoordination in infancy. Pediatrics 1969; 43: 402- 406.
3. Huoh KC, Messner AH. Cricopharyngeal achalasia in children: indications for treatment and management options. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 21: 576-580.
4. Ferris L, Rommel N, Doeltgen S, et al. Pressure-flow analysis for the assessment of pediatric oropharyngeal dysphagia. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 279-285.e1.
5. Mohan S, Bowe SN, Hirner LM, Zar-Kessler C, Hartnick CJ. Modified approach for pediatric external cricopharyngeal myotomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 105: 111-114.
6. Bhatia SJ, Shah C. How to perform and interpret upper esophageal sphincter manometry. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 99-103.
7. Sivarao DV, Goyal RK. Functional anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Med 2000; 108(Suppl 4a): 27S-37S.
8. Edeani F, Malik A, Kaul A. Characterization of esophageal motility disorders in children presenting with dysphagia using high-resolution manometry. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19: 13.
9. Chun R, Sitton M, Tipnis NA, et al. Endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy for management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in an 18-month-old child. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 797-800.
10. Barnes MA, Ho AS, Malhotra PS, Koltai P, Messner A. The use of botulinum toxin for pediatric cricopharyngeal achalasia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011: 75: 1210-1214.
11. Gollu G, Demir N, Ates U, et al. Effective management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in infants and children with dilatation alone. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51: 1751- 1754.
12. Erdeve O, Kologlu M, Saygili B, Atasay B, Arsan S. Primary cricopharyngeal achalasia in a newborn treated by balloon dilatation: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71: 165-168.
13. Akcaboy M, Zorlu P, Demir N, Acoglu EA, Oguz MM, Senel S. A rare cause of dysphagia in children: primary cricopharyngeal achalasia. J Pediatr Child Health 2017; 53: 827-828.