___

• 1. Gunnerson KJ, Kellum JA. Acid-base and electrolyte analysis in critically ill patients: are we ready for the new millennium? Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9: 468-473.
• 2. Fidkowski C, Helstrom J. Diagnosing metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: bridging the anion gap, Stewart, and base excess methods. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: 247-256.
• 3. Stewart PA. Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983; 61: 1444-1461.
• 4. Fencl V, Jabor A, Kazda A, Figge J. Diagnosis of metabolic acidbase disturbances in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 2246-2251.
• 5. Nagaoka D, Nassar Junior AP, Maciel AT, Taniguchi LU, Noritomi DT, Azevedo LC, Neto LM, Park M. The use of sodium-chloride difference and chloride-sodium ratio as strong ion difference surrogates in the evaluation of metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2010; 25: 525-531.
• 6. Durward A, Skellett S, Mayer A, Taylor D, Tibby SM, Murdoch IA. The value of the chloride: sodium ratio in differentiating the aetiology of metabolic acidosis. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 828-835.
• 7. Berndtson AE, Palmieri TL, Greenhalgh DG, Sen S. Strong ion difference and gap predict outcomes after adult burn injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75: 555-560.
• 8. Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Initial pH, base deficit, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference, and strong ion gap predict outcome from major vascular injury. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1120-1124.
• 9. Tani M, Morimatsu H, Takatsu F, Morita K. The incidence and prognostic value of hypochloremia in critically ill patients. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012: 474185.
• 10. Story DA, Morimatsu H, Bellomo R. Hyperchloremic acidosis in the critically ill: one of the strong-ion acidoses? Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 144-148.
• 11. Gucyetmez B, Ayyildiz AC, Ogan A, Guder BY, Ozcobanoglu S, Ayyildiz A, Cakar N, Telci L. Dysnatremia on intensive care unit admission is a stronger risk factor when associated with organ dysfunction. Minerva Anestesiol 2014; 80: 1096-1104.
• 12. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 580-637.
• 13. Tuhay G, Pein MC, Masevicius FD, Kutscherauer DO, Dubin A. Severe hyperlactatemia with normal base excess: a quantitative analysis using conventional and Stewart approaches. Crit Care 2008; 12: R66.
• 14. Ramadoss J, Stewart RH, Cudd TA. Acute renal response to rapid onset respiratory acidosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89: 227-231.
• 15. Kurt A, Ecevit A, Ozkiraz S, Ince DA, Akcan AB, Tarcan A. The use of chloride-sodium ratio in the evaluation of metabolic acidosis in critically ill neonates. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 963- 969.
• 16. Martin M, Murray J, Berne T, Demetriades D, Belzberg H. Diagnosis of acid-base derangements and mortality prediction in the trauma intensive care unit: the physiochemical approach. J Trauma 2005; 58: 238-243.
• 17. Balasubramanyan N, Havens PL, Hoffman GM. Unmeasured anions identified by the Fencl-Stewart method predict mortality better than base excess, anion gap, and lactate in patients in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1577-1581.
• 18. Cheung PY, Etches PC, Weardon M, Reynolds A, Finer NN, Robertson CM. Use of plasma lactate to predict early mortality and adverse outcome after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a prospective cohort in early childhood. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2135-2139.
• 19. Rishu AH, Khan R, Al-Dorzi HM, Tamim HM, Al-Qahtani S, Al-Ghamdi G, Arabi YM. Even mild hyperlactatemia is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2013; 17: R197.