In this study in order to introducing Foraminifera species and determining their relationship with the environmental factors, sediment samples were gathered in spring 2011 from 12 stations (ranging in depths 5, 10, 15 and 20 meters) in the Southern Caspian Sea from Fereidoonkenar to Babolsar. Environmental factors of water near the bottom including temperature, salinity, dissolved Oxygen, pH were measured during sampling and grain size and total organic matter and calcium carbonate concentration were measured in laboratory. Structure of the sediment samples mostly consisted of fine sand; very fine sand, silt and clay and 4 species of benthic foraminifera species belong to 4 genera of 4 families were identified. Ammonia beccarii caspica, Elphidium littorale caspicus, Milliammina fusca and Ammotium sp. The cosmopolitan foraminifer, Ammonia beccarii caspica was common in all sampling stations. Density of benthic forams had a significantly correlation with grain size, that their density were increased with adding silt and clay rate. The structure of the sediments was the most important abiotic factors controlling the distribution pattern of benthic forams in the sampling stations. Structural abnormalities in the testes of the benthic foraminifera indicated the comparatively polluted benthic environment from Fereidoonkenar to Babolsar of Southern Caspian Sea.
___
Aladin, N. and Plotnikov, I. 2004. The Caspian Sea. Lake Basin Management Initiative, Thematic Paper, 29 pp.
Armynot du Châtelet, E., Roumazeilles, B., Riboulleau, A.V. and Trentesaux, A. 2009. Sediment (grain size and clay mineralogy) and organic matter quality controlon living benthic foraminifera. Revue de Micropaleontologie, 52: 75-84. doi:10.1016/j.revmic.2008.10.002
Birshtain, Y.A., Vinograboba, L.G., Kondakov, N.N., Koon, M.S., Astakhova, T.V. and Romanova, N.N. 1968. Caspian Sea invertebrate Atlas. Alimentary industries press, Moscow, 610 pp.
Bouchet, V.M.P., Alve, E., Rygg, B. and Richard, J. 2012. Benthic foraminifera provide a promising tool for ecological quality assessment of marine waters. Telford Ecological Indicators, 23: 6675. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.011
Buzasa, M.A., Hayeka, L.A.C., Haywardb, B.W. Grenfellb, H.R. and Sabaab, A.T. 2007. Biodiversity and community structure of deep-sea foraminifera around New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research I, 54: 16411654. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.05.008
Coccioni, R., Frontalini, F., Andrea, M. and Davide, M. 2009. Benthic foraminifera and trace element distribution: A case-study from the heavily polluted lagoon of Venice (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 59: 257-267. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.009
Debenay, J.-P., Be´ne´teau, E., Zhang, J., Stouff, V., Geslin, E., Redois, F. and Fernandez-Gonzalez, M. 1998. Ammonia beccarii and Ammonia tepida (Foraminifera): Morphofunctional arguments for their distinction. Marine Micropaleontology, 34: 235244.
Duros, P., Fontanier, C., Metzger, E., Pusceddu, A. Cesbron, F., De Stigter, H.C., Bianchelli, S., Danovaro, R. and Jorissen, F.J. 2011. Live (stained) benthic foraminifera in the Whittard Canyon, Celtic margin (NE Atlantic). Deep-Sea Research I, 58: 128146. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.008
Duros, P., Fontanier, C., De Stigter, H.C., Cesbron, F., Metzger, E. and Jorissen, F.J. 2012. Live and dead benthic foraminiferal faunas from Whittard Canyon (NE Atlantic): Focus on taphonomic processes and paleo-environmental applications. Marine Micropaleontology, 94-95: 25-44. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.05.004
Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Licari, L., Alexandre, A. and Carbonel, P. 2002. Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay: faunal density, composition, and microhabitats. Deep-Sea Research I, 49: 751785.
Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Chaillou, G., David, C., Anschutz, P. and Lafon, V. 2003. Seasonal and interannual variability of benthic foraminiferal faunas at 550m depth in the Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 50: 457494. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00167-X
Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Chaillou, G., Anschutz, P., Grémare, A. and Griveaud, C. 2005. Live foraminiferal faunas from a 2800 m deep lower canyon station from the Bay of Biscay: faunal response to focusing of refractory organic matter. Deep-Sea Research I, 52: 11891227. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.006
Holm, N.A. and MachIntyre, A. 1984. Method for the study of Marin benthos. IBP Hand book. No 16, 2nd Editions, Oxford, 387 pp.
Loeblich, A.R. and Tappan, H. 1988. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. Van Nost rand Reinhold Company, New York, 970 pp.
Mirzajani, A., Yousefzade, A., Sayyad Rahim, M. and Abdolmaleki, S.H. 2002. Study of meiofauna and bed features in the Caspian Sea (Gilan waters). Iranian Scientifically Journal of Fisheries, 11: 119-132.
Moghaddasi, B. 2008. Identification of biodiversity and distribution pattern of benthic foraminifera and Ostracoda in continental shelf sediments of the Omman Sea. PhD thesis, Tehran: Science and Research University of Tehran, Iran, 164 pp.
Moghaddasi, B., Nabavi, S.M.B., Vosoughi, G., Fatemi S.M.R. and Jamili, S. 2009a. Abundance and Distribution of Benthic Foraminifera in the Northern Oman Sea (Iranian Side) Continental Shelf Sediments. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, Academic Journals Inc, 2: 210-217.
Moghaddasi, B., Nabavi, S.M.B., Fatemi, S.M.R. and Vosoughi, G.H. 2009b. Study on the diversity and distribution of benthic foraminifera in the offshore sediments of the continental shelf in the Oman Sea. Islamic Azad university of Ahvaz. Sea biology journal, 3: 13-27.
MOOPAM. 1999. Manual of Oceanographic Observation and Pollutant Analyses Metod (MOOPAM), 3rd edition. ROPME, Kuwait.
Morvan, J., Debenay, J.P., Jorissen, F., Redois, F., Beneteau, E., Delplancke, M. and Amato, A.S. 2006. Patchiness and life cycle of intertidal foraminifera: Implication for environmental and paleo environmental interpretation. Marine Micropaleontology, 61: 131154. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.05.009
Murgese, D.S. and De Deckker, P. 2005. The distribution of deep-sea benthic foraminifera in core tops from the eastern Indian Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology, 56: 25-49. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.03.005
Murray, J.W. 1979. British nearshore foraminiferids. Academic Press, London, New York and San Francisco, 67 pp.
Murray, J.W. 2001. The niche of benthic foraminifera, critical thresholds and proxies. Marine Micropaleontology, 41: 17. PII: S0377-8398(00)00057-8
Smart, W.Ch. 2008. Abyssal NE Atlantic benthic foraminifera during the last 5kyr: Relation to variations in seasonality of productivity. Marine Micropaleontology, 69: 193211. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.07.007
Stouff, V., Lessourd, M. and Debenay, J.P. 1999. Laboratory observations on asexual reproduction (Schizogony) and ontogeny of Ammonia tepida with comments on the life cycle. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29: 7584.