Bengü TÜRKYILMAZ, YILDIZ Lale AKTAS, Avni GÜVEN

Salinity induced differences in growth and nutrient accumulation ın five barley cultivars

Salinity-induced changes in growth, photosynthetic performance and nutrient accumulation were determined in five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, subjected to different NaCl concentrations (120 and 240 mM) under controlled conditions. According to germination test data, two of these cultivars (Suleyman Bey and Vamik Hoca) were evaluated as more tolerant while Anadolu 98, Efes 3 and Gem cultivars were assessed as less tolerant. In the early growth stage (one-week-old seedlings) salinity caused an increase of the root/coleoptile length ratio in the less tolerant cultivars while it was not changed in the more tolerant ones. In 4-week-old plants, PSII activity, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were not affected negatively by NaCl stress, the carotenoids being even increased. $Na^ +$ and Claccumulation in all genotypes were raised by NaCl salinity and the shoots accumulated ions at least 4-fold more than the roots. The $K^ +$/$Na^ +$ and $Ca^ +$/$Na^ +$ ratio and Mg accumulation in the shoots of more tolerant Suleyman Bey and Vamik Hoca cultivars remained almost constant with control level. The study established that evolved salt tolerance strategy among the barley cultivars was based on maintenance of more cationic nutrients in shoots (K, Ca and Mg) and protection of photosynthetic apparatus in saline conditions.

PDF

___

Abd El-Monem and M. Sharaf , 2008. Tolerance of five genotypes of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress. New York Sci. J. 1: 70-80.
Abdelly C, A. Krouma, J.J. Drevon, 2005. Nitrogen fixation and yield of chickpea in saline Mediterranean zones. Grain Legumes 42: 16-17.
Afkari, A.B., 2010. The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in sunflower germination and seedling grown under salinity conditions. African J. of Biotech. 9:1764-1770.
Al-Karaki, G.N., 1997. Barley response to salt stress at varied levels of phosphorus. J. Plant Nutr. 20: 1635-1643
Anonymous, 2008. Land and plant nutrition management service. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/spush/
Asch, F., M. Dingkuhn, K. Dörffling, 1997. Physiological stresses of irrigated rice caused by soil salinity in the Sahel. In: Irrigated Rice in the Sahel: Prospects for sustainable development (Eds. KM Miezan, MCS Wopereis, M Dingkuhn, J Deckers, TF Randolph) West Africa Rice Development Association, Ivory Coast, pp. 247-273.
Asch, F., M. Dingkuhn, K. Dörffling, 2000. Salinity increases CO2 assimilation but reduces growth in field-grown, irrigated rice. Plant Soil. 218:1-10.
Ashraf, M. and A. Khanum, 1997. Relationship between ion accumulation and growth in two spring wheat lines differing in salt tolerance at different growth stages. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 178: 39-51.
Ashraf, M., 1999. Interactive effect of salt (NaCl) and Nitrogen form of growth, water relations and photosynthesis capacity of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Ann. Appl. Biol., 135: 509- 513.
Ashraf, M. and P.J.C. Harris, 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci. 166: 3-16.
Ashraf, M., M. Öztürk, R. Athar, 2009. Salinity and Water Stress: Improving Crop Efficiency, Springer, 244 p.
Award, A.S., D.G. Edwards, L.C. Campbell, 1990. Phosphorus enhancement of salt tolerance of tomato. Crop Sci. 30: 123-128.
Balibrea, M.E., J. Cuartero, M.C. Bolarin, F. Perez-Alfocea, 2003. Activities during fruit development of Lycopersicon genotypes differing in tolerance salinity. Physiol. Plant. 118: 38-46.
Bolarin, M.C., F. Perez-Alfoca, E.A. Cano, M.T. Estan and M. Caro, 1993. Growth, fruit yield, and ion concentration in tomato genotypes after pre and post-emergence salt treatments. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 118: 655-660.
Boursier, P., J. Lynch, A. Lauchlia and E. Epstein, 1987. Chloride partitioning in leaves of salt-stressed sorghum, maize, wheat and barley. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 14: 463-473.
Carden, D.E., D.J. Walker, T.J. Flowers and A.J. Miller, 2003. Single-cell measurements of the contributions of cytosolic Na+ and K+ to salt tolerance. Plant Physiol. 131: 657-661.
Chen, Z., I. Newman, M. Zhou, N. Mendham, G. Zhang and S. Shabala, 2005. Screening plants for salt tolerance by measuring K+ flux: a case study for barley. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1230– 1246.
Chen, Z., M. Zhou, I. Newman, N. Mendham, G. Zhang and S. Shabala, 2007. Potassium and sodium relations in salinised barley tissues as a basis of differential salt tolerance. Funct. Plant Biol. 34: 150-162.
Cicerali, I.N., 2004. Effect of Salt Stress on Antioxidant Defense System of Sensitive and Resistant Cultivars of Lentil (Lens culinaris M.), METU, Master of Science Thesis. 207 p.
Eker, S., G. Comertpay, O. Konuskan, A.C. Ulger, L. Ozturk, I. Cakmak, 2006. Effect of salinity stress on dry matter production and ion accumulation in hybrid maize varieties. Turkish J. Agric. For. 30:1-9.
El-Hendaway, S.E., Y. Hu, G.M. Yakout, A.M. Awad, S.E. Hafiz and U. Schmidhalter, 2005. Evaluating salt tolerance of wheat genotypes using the multiple parameters. Europ. J. Agron. 22: 243-253.
Ershov, P.V., O.S. Reshetova, M.S. Tromifova and A.V. Babakov, 2005. Activity of ion transporters and salt tolerance in barley. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 52: 867-875.
Forster, B.P., H. Pakniyat, M. Macaulay, W. Matheson, M.S. Phillips, W.T.B. Thomas and W. Powell, 1994. Variation in the leaf sodium concentration of the Hordeum vulgare (barley) cultivar maythorpe and its derived mutant cultivar golden promise. Heredity 73: 249-253.
Garg, N., R. Singla, 2004. Growth, photosynthesis, nodule nitrogen and carbon fixation in the chickpea cultivars under salt stress. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 16: 137-146.
Grattan, S.R. and S.V. Maas, 1984. Interactive effects of saline and substrate phosphate on soybean. Agron. J. 76: 668-676.
Greenway, H., 1962. Plant responses to saline substrates. I. Growth and ion uptake of several varieties of Hordeum during and after sodium chloride treatment. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 15: 16-38.
Hasegawa, P.M., R.A. Bressan and J.K. Zhu, 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 51: 463-499.
Huang, Y., G. Zhang, F. Wu, J. Chen and M. Zhou, 2006. Differences in physiological traits among salt-stressed barley genotypes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 37: 557-570.
Hunt S, D.B. Layzell, 1993. Gas exchange of legume nodules and the regulation of nitrogenase activity. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 44: 483-511.
Hussain, K., A. Majeed, K. Nawaz, K.H. Bhatti, M.F. Nisar, 2009. Effect of different levels of salinity on growth and ion contents of black seeds (Nigella sativa L.) Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 1(3):135-138.
Iqbal, N, M.Y. Ashraf, F. Javed, V. Martinez and K. Ahmad. 2006. Nitrate reduction and nutrient accumulation in wheat grown in soil salinized with four different salts. J. Plant Nutr. 29: 409- 421.
Jackson, M.L., 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Constable and Company, Ltd. London 141-151.
Johnson, C.M. and A. Ulrich, 1959. II. Analytical methods for use in plant tissue analysis. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 766.
Kaya M.D., A. Ipek, A. Ozturk, 2003. Effects of different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Turk. J. Agric. For. 27: 221-227.
Khalid, H., N. Khalid, M. Abdul, K. Farah, L. Feng, G. Abdul , R. Ghulam, A. Shahid, Z.H. Syed, A. Kazim and S. Aamir, 2010. Alleviation of salinity effects by exogenous applications of salicylic acid in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) seedlings. African J. of Biotech. 9: 8602-8607.
Klein, I., Y. Ben-Tal, S. Lavee, Y. De Malach and I. David, 1994. Saline irrigation of cultivar manzanillo and uovo di piccione trees. Acta Hortic. 356: 176-180.
Kingsbury, R.W. and E. Epstein, 1984. Selection for salt-resistant spring wheat. Crop Sci. 24: 310-315.
Knight, S.L., R.B. Rogers, M.A.L. Smith and L.A. Spomer, 1992. Effects of NaCl salinity on miniature dwarf tomato ‘micro-torn’. I. Growth analysis and nutrient composition. J. Plant Nutr. 15: 2315-2327.
Krouma, A. 2009. Differences in response of some Tunisian chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) to salinity. Pak. J. Bot. 41: 3081-3091.
Lawlor, D.W., W. Day, A.E. Johnston, B.J. Legg and K.J. Parkins, 1981. Growth of spring barley under salinity and drought: crop development, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and nutrient. J. Agr. Sci. 96: 167-186.
Leonova, T.G., E.A. Goncharova, A.V. Khodorenko and A.V. Babakov, 2005. Characteristics of salt-tolerant and saltsusceptible cultivars of barley. Rus. J. Plant Physiol. 52: 774- 778.
Li, R., F. Shi, K. Fulwda and Y. Yang, 2010. Effects of salt and alkali stresses on germination, growth, photosynthesis and ion accumulation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Soil Sci. and Plant Nutr. 56:725-733.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method. Enzymol. 148: 350- 382.
Loreto, F., M. Centritto and K. Chartzoulakis, 2003. Photosynthetic limitations in olive cultivars with different sensitivity to salt stress. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 595-601.
Lutts, S., J.M. Kinet and J. Bouharmont, 1996. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals. Bot. 78:389-398.
Maas, E.U. and G.J. Hoffman, 1977. Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. E-ASCE. 103: 115-134.
Mansour M.M., 2000. Nitrogen containing compounds and adaptation of plants to salinity stress. Biol. Plant 43: 491-500.
Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press Inc., New York, 887 p.
Megdiche, W., N. B. Amor, A. Debez, K. Hessini, R. Ksouri, Y. Zuily-Fodil and C. Abdelly, 2007. Salt tolerance of the annual halophyte Cakile maritima as affected by the provenance and the developmental stage. Acta Physiol. Plant. 29: 375-384.
Mengel K, E.K. Kirkby, 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Kluver Academic Publishers, 849 p.
Mitsuya, S., M. Kawasaki, M. Taniguchi, H. Miyake, 2003. Relationship between salinity-induced damages and aging in rice leaf tissues. Plant Product. Sci. 6: 213-218.
Mozafar, A. and R.J. Goodin, 1986. Salt tolerance of two differently drought-tolerant wheat genotypes during germination and early seedling growth. Plant Soil 96: 303-316.
Munns, R., 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ. 16: 15-24.
Munns, R., 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 239-250.
Munns, R., R.A. James and A. Lauchli, 2006. Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1025-1043.
Mustafa, M., S. Shabber, K. Hussain, 2010. Growth reticence of maize (Zea mays) under different levels on NaCl stress. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci. 7:583-585.
Navarro, J.M., C. Garrido, V. Martinez, M. Carvajal, 2003. Water relations and xylem transport of nutrients in pepper plants grown under two different salt stress regimes. Plant Growth Regul. 41: 237-245.
Pakniyat, H., W.T.B. Thomas, P.D.S. Caligari and B.P. Forster, 1997. Comparison of salt tolerance of gpert and non-gpert barleys. Plant Breed. 116: 189-191.
Rausch, T., M. Kirsch, R. Low, A. Lehr, R. Liereck and A. Zhigang, 1996. Salt stress responses of higher plants: the role of proton pumps and Na+/H+-antiporters. J. Plant Physiol. 148: 425-433.
Rawson, H.M., M.J. Long and R. Munns, 1988. Growth and development in NaCl-treated plants. I. Leaf Na+ and Clconcentrations do not determine gas exchange of leaf blades in barley. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15: 519-527.
Roberts, J.K.M., C.S. Linker, A.G. Benoit, O. Jardetzky and R.H. Nieman, 1984. Salt stimulation of phosphate uptake in maize root tips studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Plant Physiol. 75: 947-950.
Sadiki, M. and K. Rabih, 2001. Selection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) for yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability under salt stress. Agronomy 21: 659-666.
Salam, A., P.A. Hollington, J. Gorham, R.G. Wyn Jones and C. Gliddon, 1999. Physiological genetics of salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): performance of wheat varieties, inbred lines and reciprocal F1 hybrids under saline conditions. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 183: 145-152.
Santos, C.V., I.P. Falcao, G.C. Pinto, H. Oliveira, J. Loureiro, 2002. Nutrient responses and glutamate and proline metabolism in sunflower plants and calli under Na2SO4 stress. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 165 : 366-372.
Shibli, R.A., M.A. Shatnawi and I.Q. Swaidat, 2003. Growth, osmotic adjustment, and nutrient acquisition of bitter almond under induced sodium chloride salinity in vitro. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34: 1969-1979.
Singh, A.K. and R.S. Dubey, 1995. Changes in chlorophyll a nd b contents and activities of photosystem 1 and 2 in rice seedlings induced by NaCl. Photosynthetica 31: 489-499.
Soussi M., A. Ocana, C. Lluch, 1998. Effect of salt stress on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 49: 1329-1337.
Taban, S. and A.V. Katkat, 2000. Effect of salt stres on growth and mineral elements concentrations in shoots and roots of maize plants. J. of Agric. Sci. 6: 119-122.
Tatar, O., H. Brueck, M.N. Gevrek and F. Asch, 2010. Physiological responses of two Turkish rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to salinity. Turk. J. Agric. Forest. 34: 451-459.
Tejera, N.A., M. Soussi and C. Lluch, 2006. Physiological and nutritional indicators of tolerance to salinity in chickpea plants growing under symbiotic conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot. 58: 17- 24.
Wei, W., P.E. Bilsborrow, P. Hooley, D.A. Fincham, E. Lombi, B.P. Forster, 2003. Salinity induced differences in growth, ion distribution and partitioning in barley between the cultivar maythorpe and its derived mutant golden promise. Plant Soil 250: 183-191.
Wolf, B., 1982. A comprehensive system of leaf analyses and its use for diagnosing crop nutrient status. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Analy. 13: 1035-1059.
Yahya, A., 1998. Salinity effects on growth and on uptake and distribution of sodium and some essential mineral nutrients in sesame. J. Plant Nutr. 21: 1439-1451.
Yetisir, H., V. Uygur, 2009. Plant growth and mineral element content of different gourd species and watermelon under salinity stress. Turkish J. Agric. Forest. 33: 65-77.
Zhu, J.K. 2001. Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 66-71.