Ultrasound-assisted emulsification--solidified floating organic drop microextraction combined with flow injection--flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of palladium in water samples
The ultrasound-assisted emulsification--solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USAE--SFODME) methodology was combined with flow injection--lame atomic absorption spectrometry (FI--FAAS) for the separation/pre\-concentration and determination of palladium at ultratrace level. In this method, the palladium ion in the aqueous solution was complexed with acetylacetone (6 \times 10-3 mol L-1) in the pH range of 1--7 and was extracted into 40 m L of 1-undecanol, which was sonically dispersed in the aqueous phase. The vial was then centrifuged and cooled in an ice bath for 5 min. The solidified extract was melted and diluted to 100 m L with a solution of hydrochloric (1 mol L-1) acid in ethanol, and the concentration of palladium was determined by FI--FAAS. Under the optimum conditions, an enhancement factor of 55 and a good relative standard deviation of \pm 2.1% at 40 m g L-1 were obtained (n = 7). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of palladium in different types of water samples. Accuracy was assessed through recovery experiments, independent analysis by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and analysis of a certified reference ore by the proposed method.
Ultrasound-assisted emulsification--solidified floating organic drop microextraction combined with flow injection--flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of palladium in water samples
The ultrasound-assisted emulsification--solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USAE--SFODME) methodology was combined with flow injection--lame atomic absorption spectrometry (FI--FAAS) for the separation/pre\-concentration and determination of palladium at ultratrace level. In this method, the palladium ion in the aqueous solution was complexed with acetylacetone (6 \times 10-3 mol L-1) in the pH range of 1--7 and was extracted into 40 m L of 1-undecanol, which was sonically dispersed in the aqueous phase. The vial was then centrifuged and cooled in an ice bath for 5 min. The solidified extract was melted and diluted to 100 m L with a solution of hydrochloric (1 mol L-1) acid in ethanol, and the concentration of palladium was determined by FI--FAAS. Under the optimum conditions, an enhancement factor of 55 and a good relative standard deviation of \pm 2.1% at 40 m g L-1 were obtained (n = 7). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of palladium in different types of water samples. Accuracy was assessed through recovery experiments, independent analysis by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and analysis of a certified reference ore by the proposed method.
___
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 1989.
- Daniel, S.; Gladis, J. M.; Rao, T. P. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 488, 173–182.
- Rao C. R. M.; Reddi, G. S. Trends Anal. Chem. 2000, 19, 565–586.
- Ravindra, K.; Bencs, L.; Van Grieken, R. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 318, 1–43.
- Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B. Microchim. Acta 2004, 147, 189–210.
- Soylak, M.; Tuzen, M. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 152, 656–661.
- Anthemidis, A. N.; Themelis, D. G.; Stratis, J. A. Talanta 2001, 54, 37–43.
- Ciezynska, A.; Wisniewski, M. J. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2010, 73, 202–207.
- Bulut, V. N.; Tufekci, M.; Duran, C.; Soylak, M.; Kantekin, H. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2010, 38, 678–683. Najafi, E.; Sadeghi, O.; Tavassoli, N.; Mirahadpour, P.; Lotfizadeh Zhad, H. R. Anal. Sci. 2010, 26, 479–483. Duran, C.; ¨ Ozde¸s, D.; C ¸ elenk Kaya, E.; Kantekin, H.; Numan Bulut, V.; T¨ ufek¸ ci, M. Turk. J. Chem. 2012, 36, 445–456.
- Yu, F.; Xi, C.; He, Zh.; Chen, L. Anal. Lett. 2010, 43, 972–982.
- Liang, P.; Zhao, E.; Li, F. Talanta 2009, 77, 1854–1857.
- Xia, L.; Hu, B. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 42, 803–810.
- Xia, L.; B.; Jiang, Z.; Wu, Y.; Liang, Y. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2910–2915.
- Mohammadi, S. Z.; Afzali, D.; Taher, M. A.; Baghelani, Y. M. Michrochim. Acta 2010, 168, 123–128.
- Ahmadzadeh Kokya, T.; Farhadi, Kh. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 169, 726–733.
- Mohamadi M.; Mostafavi, A. Talanta 2010, 81, 309–313.
- Dadfarnia, S.; Haji Shabani, A. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 658, 107–119.
- He, Y.; Lee, H. K. Anal. Chem 1997, 69, 4634–4640.
- Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Rasmussen, K. E. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1184, 132–142.
- Ma, J. J.; Du, X.; Zhang, J. W.; Li, C. J.; Wang, L. Z. Talanta 2009, 80, 980–984.
- Sereshti, H.; Khojeh, V.; Karimi, M.; Samadi, S. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 236–241.
- Rezaee, M.; Assadi, Y.; Milani Hosseini, M. R.; Aghaee, E.; Ahmadi, F.; Berijani, S. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1116, 1–
- Eskandari, H. Turk. J. Chem. 2012, 36, 631–643.
- Khalili Zanjani, M. R.; Yamini, Y.; Shariati, Sh.; J¨ onsson, J. ˚ A. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 585, 286–293.
- Dadfarnia, S.; Haji Shabani, A. M.; Kamranzadeh, E. Talanta 2009, 79, 1061–1065.
- Dadfarnia, S.; Salmanzadeh, A. M.; Haji Shabani, A. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 623, 163–167.
- Dadfarnia, S.; Mirzaei, M.; Haji Shabani, A. M.; Ramazanzadeh, B. Turk. J. Chem. 2012, 36, 614–623.
- Dadfarnia, S.; Haji Shabani, A. M.; Mirshamsi, A. Turk. J. Chem. 2011, 35, 625–636.
- Leong, M. I.; Huang, S. D. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1211, 8–12.
- Chang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Du, X.; Ma, J.; Li, J. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. Chin. 2010, 4, 187–195.
- Priego-L´ opez, E.; Luque de Castro, M. D. Chromatographia 2003, 57, 513–518.
- Abdollahzadeh, Y.; Yamini, Y.; Jabbari, A.; Esrafili A.; Rezaee, M. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 830–837.
- Li, P.; Zhu, Xi.; Hong, Sh.; Tian, Zh.; Yang, J. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 995–1000.
- Marczenko, Z. Separation Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, UK, 19 Dilts, R. V. Analytical Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1974.
- Pe˜ nalver, A.; Pocurull, E.; Borrull, F.; Marc´ e, R. M. J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 872, 191–201.
- Sarri´ on, M. N.; Santos, F. J.; Galceran, M. T. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 947, 155–165.
- Psillakis, E.; Kalogerakis, N. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 907, 211–219.
- Lambropoulou, D. A.; Albanis, T. A. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1049, 17–23.