Protective role of foliar-applied nitric oxide in Triticum aestivum under saline stress
A study was conducted to assess whether foliar-applied nitric oxide (NO) could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four sodium nitroprusside levels (control [water spray] and 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mM) were sprayed as a donor of NO on the leaves of cultivar S-24 plants grown under nonsaline and saline conditions (150 mM NaCl). Data for growth and yield, chlorophyll contents, activities of antioxidants, and concentrations of mineral nutrients were recorded. Root-medium salinity adversely affected shoot and root dry weight, shoot length, and yield attributes of the wheat plants while it enhanced the activities of antioxidants, proline accumulation, and concentrations of shoot and root Na+ and Cl-. Foliar-applied NO improved growth of only nonstressed plants. Exogenously applied NO enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) and levels of soluble proteins and proline, in both stressed and nonstressed wheat plants. Overall, exogenous application of NO enhanced chlorophyll contents; activities of CAT, POD, and SOD; and levels of soluble proteins and total free proline in the salt stressed wheat plants. The exogenous application of NO had a protective role against salt-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving plant growth under saline stress.
Protective role of foliar-applied nitric oxide in Triticum aestivum under saline stress
A study was conducted to assess whether foliar-applied nitric oxide (NO) could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four sodium nitroprusside levels (control [water spray] and 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mM) were sprayed as a donor of NO on the leaves of cultivar S-24 plants grown under nonsaline and saline conditions (150 mM NaCl). Data for growth and yield, chlorophyll contents, activities of antioxidants, and concentrations of mineral nutrients were recorded. Root-medium salinity adversely affected shoot and root dry weight, shoot length, and yield attributes of the wheat plants while it enhanced the activities of antioxidants, proline accumulation, and concentrations of shoot and root Na+ and Cl-. Foliar-applied NO improved growth of only nonstressed plants. Exogenously applied NO enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) and levels of soluble proteins and proline, in both stressed and nonstressed wheat plants. Overall, exogenous application of NO enhanced chlorophyll contents; activities of CAT, POD, and SOD; and levels of soluble proteins and total free proline in the salt stressed wheat plants. The exogenous application of NO had a protective role against salt-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving plant growth under saline stress.
___
- Adebooye OC, Hunsche M, Noga G, Lankes C (2012). Morphology and density of trichomes and stomata of Trichosanthes cucumerina (Cucurbitaceae) as affected by leaf age and salinity. Turk J Bot 36: 328–335.
- Akram NA, Ashraf M, Al-Qurainy F (2012). Aminolevulinic acidinduced regulation in some key physiological attributes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under saline regimes. Sci Hortic 142: 143–148.
- Anjum F, Wahid A, Javed F, Arshad M (2008). Influence of foliar applied thiourea on flag leaf gas exchange and yield parameters of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under salinity and heat stresses. Int J Agric Biol 10: 619–626.
- Apel K, Hirt H (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55: 373–399.
- Arnon DI (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24: 1–15.
- Ashraf MA, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M (2012). Growth stage-based modulation in antioxidant defense system and proline accumulation in two hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Flora 207: 388–397.
- Bates LS, Waldern RP, Teare ID (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205–207.
- Batool A, Ashraf M, Akram NA, Al-Qurainy F (2012). Saltinduced changes in growth, some key physio-biochemical attributes, activities of enzymatic and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.). J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 88: 231–241.
- Bradford MM (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annu Rev Biochem 72: 248– 2
- Carden DE, Walker DJ, Flowers TJ, Miller J (2003). Single-cell measurements of the contributions of cytosolic Na + and K + to salt tolerance. Plant Physiol 131: 676–683.
- Chance M, Maehly AC (1955). Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Method Enzymol 2: 764–817.
- Chen S, Gollop N, Heuer B (2009). Proteomic analysis of saltstressed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings: effect of genotype and exogenous application of glycinebetaine. J Exp Bot 60: 2005–2019.
- Desikan R, Cheung MK, Bright J, Henson D, Hancock JT, Neill SJ (2004). ABA, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide signalling in stomatal guard cells. J Exp Bot 55: 205–212.
- Fan H, Guo S, Jiao Y, Zhang R, Li J (2007). Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on growth, active oxygen species metabolism, and photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber seedlings under NaCl stress. Front Agric China 1: 308–314.
- Farooq M, Basra SMA, Wahid A, Rehman H (2009). Exogenously applied nitric oxide enhances the drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Agron Crop Sci 14: 220–225.
- Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1977). Superoxide dismutase in higher plants. Plant Physiol 59: 309–314.
- Grieve CM, Grattan SR (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil 70: 303–307.
- Guo Y, Tian Z, Yan D, Zhang J, Qin P (2008). Effects of nitric oxide on salt stress tolerance in Kosteletzkya virginica. Life Sci J 6: 67–
- Hameed M, Nawaz T, Ashraf M, Naz N, Batool R, Ahmad MSA, Riaz A (2013). Physioanatomical adaptations in response to salt stress in Sporobolus arabicus (Poaceae) from the Salt Range, Pakistan. Turk J Bot 37: 715–724.
- Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M (2013). Exogenous sodium nitroprusside alleviates arsenic-induced oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings by enhancing antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system. Ecotoxicollogy 22: 584–596.
- Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Fujita M (2011). Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity-induced damage of wheat seedlings. Plant Biotechnol Rep 5: 353–365.
- Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Fujita M (2012) Exogenous nitric oxide alleviates high temperature induced oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings by modulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system. Aust J Crop Sci 6: 1314–1323.
- Jin CW, Du ST, Zhang YS, Tang C, Lin XY (2009). Atmospheric nitric oxide stimulates plant growth and improves the quality of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Ann Appl Biol 155: 113–120.
- Joseph B, Jini D (2010). Insights into the role of antioxidative enzymes for salt tolerance in plants. Int J Bot 6: 456–464.
- Kanwal H, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M (2011). Assessment of salt tolerance of some newly developed and candidate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes. Pak J Bot 43: 2693–2699.
- Kausar F, Shahbaz M (2013). Interactive effect of foliar application of nitric oxide (NO) and salinity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak J Bot 45(SI): 67–73.
- Lopez-Carrion AI, Castellano R, Rosales MA, Ruiz JM, Romero L (2008). Role of nitric oxide under saline stress: implications on proline metabolism. Biol Plant 52: 587–591.
- Naheed G, Shahbaz M, Akram NA, Ashraf M (2008). Interactive effect of rooting medium application of phosphorus and NaCl on plant biomass and mineral nutrients of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pak J Bot 40: 1601–1608.
- Noreen S, Ashraf M (2008). Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid: growth and photosynthesis. Pak J Bot 40: 1657–1663.
- Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2010). Regulation in gas exchange and quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) in salt-stressed and non-stressed wheat plants raised from seed treated with triacontanol. Pak J Bot 42: 3073–3081.
- Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2011). Modulation in activities of antioxidant enzymes in salt stressed and non-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants raised from seed treated with triacontanol. Pak J Bot 43: 2463–2468.
- Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2012a). Changes in mineral composition, uptake and use efficiency of salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants raised from seed treated with triacontanol. Pak J Bot 44: 27–35.
- Perveen S, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2012b). Is pre-sowing seed treatment with triacontanol effective in improving some physiological and biochemical attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress? J Appl Bot Food Qual 85: 41–48.
- Ruan HH, Shen WB, Xu LL (2004). Nitric oxide modulates the activities of plasma membrane ATPase and PPase in wheat seedling roots and promotes the salt tolerance against salt stress. Acta Bot Sin 46: 415–422.
- Saadia M, Jamil A, Akram NA, Ashraf M (2012). A study of proline metabolism in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under salt stress. Molecules 17: 5803–5815.
- Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2013). Improving salinity tolerance in cereals. Crit Rev Plant Sci 32: 237–249.
- Shahbaz M, Ashraf M, Akram NA, Hanif A, Hameed S, Joham S, Rehman R (2011). Salt-induced modulation in growth, photosynthetic capacity, proline content and ion accumulation in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Acta Physiol Plant 33: 1113–1122.
- Shahbaz M, Ashraf M Al-Qurainy F, Harris PJC (2012). Salt tolerance in selected vegetable crops. Crit Rev Plant Sci 31: 303–320.
- Shahbaz M, Ashraf M, Athar HR (2008). Does exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide ameliorate salt induced growth inhibition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)? Plant Growth Regul 55: 51–64.
- Shahbaz M, Zia B (2011). Does exogenous application of glycinebetaine through rooting medium alter rice (Oryza sativa L.) mineral nutrient status under saline conditions? J Appl Bot Food Qual 84: 54–60.
- Shahbaz M, Noreen N, Perveen S (2013). Triacontanol modulates photosynthesis and osmoprotectants in canola (Brassica napus L.) under saline stress. J Plant Interac 8: 350-359.
- Shaheen HL, Shahbaz M, Ullah I, Iqbal MZ (2012). Morphophysiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to salt stress. Int J Agric Biol 14: 980–984.
- Snedecor GR, Cochran WG (1989). Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
- Tuncz-Ozdemir M, Miller G, Song L, Kim J, Sodek A, Koussevitzky S, Misra AN, Mittler R, Shintani D (2009). Thiamin confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 151: 421–432.
- Uchida A, Jagendorf AT, Hibino T, Takabe T, Takabe T (2002). Effects of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide on both salt and heat stress tolerance in rice. Plant Sci 163: 515–523.
- Wang XY, Shen WB, Xu LL (2004). Exogenous nitric oxide alleviates osmotic stress-induced membrane lipid peroxidation in wheat seedling leaves. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 30: 195–200.
- Wolf B (1982). A comprehensive system of leaf analysis and its use for diagnosing crop nutrient status. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 13: 1035–1059.
- Wu X, Zhu W, Zhang H, Ding H, Zhang HJ (2010). Exogenous nitric oxide protects against salt-induced oxidative stress in the leaves from two genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.). Acta Physiol Plant 10: 1007–1173.
- Zanardo DIL, Zanardo FML, Ferrarese MLL, Magalhaes JR, Ferrarese-Filho O (2005). Nitric oxide affecting seed germination and peroxidase activity in canola (Brassica napus L.). Physiol Mol Biol Plant 11: 81–86.
- Zhang LP, Mehta SK, Liu ZP, Yang ZM (2008). Copper-induced proline synthesis is associated with nitric oxide generation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell Physiol 49: 411–419.
- Zhang Y, Han X, Chen X, Jin H, Cui X (2009). Exogenous nitric oxide on antioxidative system and ATPase activities from tomato seedlings under copper stress. Sci Hortic 123: 217–223.
- Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Zhang W (2006). Nitric oxide enhances salt tolerance in maize seedlings through increasing activities of proton-pump and Na + /H + antiport in the tonoplast. Planta 224: 545–555.
- Zhang YY, Liu J, Liu YL (2004). Nitric oxide alleviates growth inhibition of maize seedlings under salt stress. J Plant Physiol Mol Biol 30: 455–459 (in Chinese).
- Zheng CF, Dong JG, Liu FL, Dai TB, Liu WC, Jing Q, Cao WX (2009).
- Exogenous nitric oxide improves seed germination in wheat against mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by high salinity. Environ Exp Bot 67: 222–227. Zhou B, Guo Z, Xing J, Huang B (2005). Nitric oxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant activities in Stylosanthes guianensis. J Exp Bot 56: 3223–3228.
- Zhu JK (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 5: 247–273.