Cancer stem cells: lessons learned from the leukemic stem cells

Cancer is the second cause of death in Turkey and the frequency of cancer deaths increased from 12% in 2002 to 21% in 2009 ( Özkan et al., 2013). To win the war on cancer, we certainly need to apply well-planned prevention policies, given that it is caused mostly by environmental factors, and to develop more effective therapies. To achieve a cure for the disease, it is crucial to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to cancer and to therapeutically target all the factors playing a role in the initiation, progression, maintenance, and relapse of the disease, preferably in the form of personalized therapy. One of the biggest challenges faced during the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, especially those arising from tissues composed of heterogeneous cell populations such as hematopoietic tissues, is to find the cell of origin or the cancer-initiating cell. Knowing the cell of origin can help in dissecting the normal features of the target cell from its abnormal cancerous form; moreover, this knowledge provides insight into the early events leading to a malignant transformation and eventually shapes the treatment protocols. Initial and ongoing studies in leukemia elegantly showed how to identify the cell of origin (or the stem cells of cancers) and how to calculate their frequency and evolution during disease progression. This minireview summarizes the current view on cancer stem cells, and particularly leukemic stem cells, and their potential role in the initiation, maintenance, and therapy resistance of cancer.

PDF

___

Blair A, Hogge DE, Sutherland HJ (1998). Most acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells with long-term proliferative ability in vitro and in vivo have the phenotype CD34(+)/CD71(-)/HLA-DR-. Blood 92: 4325-4335.
Bonnet D, Dick JE (1997). Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 3: 730-737.
Carella C, Bonten J, Sirma S, Kranenburg TA, Terranova S, Klein-Geltink R, Shurtleff S, Downing JR, Zwarthoff EC, Liu PP et al. (2007). MN1 overexpresion is an important step in the development of inv(16) AML. Leukemia 21: 1679-1690.
Christensen JL, Weissman IL (2001). Flk-2 is a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation: a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells. P Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 14541-14546.
Chu S, McDonald T, Lin A, Chakraborty S, Huang Q, Snyder DS, Bhatia R (2011). Persistence of leukemia stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in prolonged remission with imatinib treatment. Blood 118: 5565-5572.
Clarkson BD (1969). Review of recent studies of cellular proliferation in acute leukemia. Natl Cancer I Monogr 30: 81-120.
Cozzio A, Passegue E, Ayton PM, Karsunky H, Cleary ML, Weissman IL (2003). Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Gene Dev 17: 3029-3035.
Dick JE (2008). Stem cell concepts renew cancer research. Blood 112: 4793-4807.
Eppert K, Takenaka K, Lechman ER, Waldron L, Nilsson B, van Galen P, Metzeler KH, Poeppl A, Ling V, Beyene J et al. (2011). Stem cell gene expression programs influence clinical outcome in human leukemia. Nat Med 17: 1086-1093.
Gawad C, Koh W, Quake SR (2014). Dissecting the clonal origins of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by single-cell genomics. P Natl Acad Sci USA 111: 17947-17952.
Gilliland DG, Jordan CT, Felix CA (2004). The molecular basis of leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program: 80-97.
Goodell MA, Brose K, Paradis G, Conner AS, Mulligan RC (1996). Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J Exp Med 183: 1797-1806.
Greaves M (2010). Cancer stem cells: back to Darwin? Semin Cancer Biol 20: 65-70.Grove CS, Vassiliou GS (2014). Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer? Dis Model Mech 7: 941-951.
Heuser M, Argiropoulos B, Kuchenbauer F, Yung E, Piper J, Fung S, Schlenk RF, Dohner K, Hinrichsen T, Rudolph C et al. (2007). MN1 overexpression induces acute myeloid leukemia in mice and predicts ATRA resistance in patients with AML. Blood 110: 1639-1647.
Heuser M, Yun H, Berg T, Yung E, Argiropoulos B, Kuchenbauer F, Park G, Hamwi I, Palmqvist L, Lai CK et al. (2011). Cell of origin in AML: susceptibility to MN1-induced transformation is regulated by the MEIS1/AbdB-like HOX protein complex. Cancer Cell 20: 39-52.
NDİLCİ et al. / Turk J Biol1017Higuchi M, OBrien D, Kumaravelu P, Lenny N, Yeoh EJ, Downing JR (2002). Expression of a conditional AML1-ETO oncogene bypasses embryonic lethality and establishes a murine model of human t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 1: 63-74.
Hong D, Gupta R, Ancliff P, Atzberger A, Brown J, Soneji S, Green J, Colman S, Piacibello W, Buckle V et al. (2008). Initiating and cancer-propagating cells in TEL-AML1-associated childhood leukemia. Science 319: 336-339.
Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE (2004). Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol 5: 738-743.
Kandilci A, Surtel J, Janke L, Neale G, Terranova S, Grosveld GC (2013). Mapping of MN1 sequences necessary for myeloid transformation. PLoS One 8: e61706
Kelly PN, Dakic A, Adams JM, Nutt SL, Strasser A (2007). Tumor growth need not be driven by rare cancer stem cells. Science 317: 337.
Kim M, Turnquist H, Jackson J, Sgagias M, Yan Y, Gong M, Dean M, Sharp JG, Cowan K (2002). The multidrug resistance transporter ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein 1) effluxes Hoechst 33342 and is overexpressed in hematopoietic stem cells. Clin Cancer Res 8: 22-28
.Kondo M, Wagers AJ, Manz MG, Prohaska SS, Scherer DC, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, Weissman IL (2003). Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: implications for clinical application. Annu Rev Immunol 21: 759-806.
Kreso A, OBrien CA, van Galen P, Gan OI, Notta F, Brown AM, Ng K, Ma J, Wienholds E, Dunant C et al. (2013). Variable clonal repopulation dynamics influence chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer. Science 339: 543-548.
Lang F, Wojcik B, Rieger MA (2015). Stem cell hierarchy and clonal evolution in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Stem Cells International 2015: 137164.
Macosko EZ, Basu A, Satija R, Nemesh J, Shekhar K, Goldman M, Tirosh I, Bialas AR,Kamitaki N, Martersteck EM et al. (2015). Highly parallel genome-wide expression profiling of individual cells using nanoliter droplets. Cell 161: 1202-1214.
Magee JA, Piskounova E, Morrison SJ (2012). Cancer stem cells: impact, heterogeneity, and uncertainty. Cancer Cell 21: 283-296.
Miyamoto T, Weissman IL, Akashi K (2000). AML1/ETO-expressing nonleukemic stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia with 8;21 chromosomal translocation. P Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 7521-7526.
Osawa M, Nakamura K, Nishi N, Takahasi N, Tokuomoto Y, Inoue H, Nakauchi H (1996). In vivo self-renewal of c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin(low/-) hemopoietic stem cells. J Immunol 156: 3207-3214.
Özkan S, Keskinkılıç B, Gültekin M, Karaca AS, Öztürk C, Boztaş G, Zayıfoğlu Karaca M, Şimşek Utku E, Hacıkamiloğlu E, Turan H (2013). Ulusal Kanser Kontrol Planı 2013-2018 (Turkey: International Cancer Control Partnership). Ankara, Turkey: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Passegue E,
Jamieson CH, Ailles LE, Weissman IL (2003). Normal and leukemic hematopoiesis: are leukemias a stem cell disorder or a reacquisition of stem cell characteristics? P Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (Suppl 1): 11842-11849.
Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Morrison SJ (2008). Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. Nature 456: 593-598.
Rieger MA, Schroeder T (2012). Hematopoiesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4: a008250.
Rosmarin AG, Yang Z, Resendes KK (2005). Transcriptional regulation in myelopoiesis: hematopoietic fate choice, myeloid differentiation, and leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol 33: 131-143.
Sawyers CL, Denny CT, Witte ON (1991). Leukemia and the disruption of normal hematopoiesis. Cell 64: 337-350.
Schatton T, Murphy GF, Frank NY, Yamaura K, Waaga-Gasser AM, Gasser M, Zhan Q, Jordan S, Duncan LM, Weishaupt C et al. (2008). Identification of cells initiating human melanomas. Nature 451: 345-349.
Seita J, Weissman IL (2010). Hematopoietic stem cell: self-renewal versus differentiation. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2: 640-653.
Shlush LI, Zandi S, Mitchell A, Chen WC, Brandwein JM, Gupta V, Kennedy JA, Schimmer AD, Schuh AC, Yee KW et al. (2014). Identification of pre-leukaemic haematopoietic stem cells in acute leukaemia. Nature 506: 328-333.
Uchida N, Weissman IL (1992). Searching for hematopoietic stem cells: evidence that Thy-1.1lo Lin- Sca-1+ cells are the only stem cells in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 bone marrow. J Exp Med 175: 175-184.
Williams RT, den Besten W, Sherr CJ (2007). Cytokine-dependent imatinib resistance in mouse BCR-ABL+, Arf-null lymphoblastic leukemia. Gene Dev 21: 2283-2287.

ISSN: 1300-0152
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK

Arşiv