___

• Ali Q, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Saari N, Perveen R (2013). Ameliorating effects of exogenously applied proline on seed composition, seed oil quality and oil antioxidant activity of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Int J Mol Sci 14: 818-835.
• Ali Q, Ashraf M (2011). Induction of drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) due to exogenous application of trehalose: growth, photosynthesis, water relations and oxidative defense mechanism. J Agron Crop Sci 197: 258-271.
• Ali Q, Ashraf M, Athar HUR (2007). Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pak J Bot 39: 1133-1144.
• Anjum SA, Xie XY, Wang LC, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W (2011). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Afr J Agric Res 6: 2026-2032.
• Arnon DI (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24: 1-15. Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot 59: 206-216.
• Athar HR, Ashraf M (2005). Photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Pessarakli M, editor. Handbook of Photosynthesis. New York, NY, USA: CRC Press, pp. 793-804.
• Athar HR, Khan A, Ashraf M (2008). Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress in wheat. Environ Exp Bot 63: 224-231.
• Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
• Batra NG, Sharma V, Kumari N (2014). Drought-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and thylakoid membrane proteins of Vigna radiate. Journal of Plant Interactions 9: 712-721.
• Bilger W, Bjorkman O (1990). Role of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotection elucidated by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes, fluorescence and photosynthesis in leaves of Hedera canariensis. Photosynth Res 25: 173-185.
• Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009). Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann Bot-London 103: 551-560.
• Dall’Osto L, Fiore A, Cazzaniga S, Giuliano G, Bassi R (2007). Different roles of a- and b-branch xanthophylls in photosystem assembly and photoprotection. J Biol Chem 282: 35056-36068.
• Fracheboud Y, Leipner J (2003). The application of chlorophyll fluorescence to study light, temperature, and drought stress. In: DeEll JR, Toivonen PMA, editors. Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 126-147.
• Genty B, Briantais JM, Baker NR (1989). The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 990: 87-92.
• Hamilton EW, Heckathorn SA (2001). Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant Physiol 126: 1266-1274.
• Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni MN, Wani AS, Pichtel J, Ahmad A (2012). Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signaling and Behavior 7: 1456-1466.
• Heath RL, Packer L (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125: 189-198.
• Hoagland DR, Arnon DA (1938). The water-culture method of growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 347: 1-32.
• Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MNA, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y (2007). Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. J Plant Physiol 164: 553-561.
• Kamran M, Shahbaz M, Ashraf M, Akram NA (2009). Alleviation of drought-induced adverse effects in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using proline as a pre-sowing seed treatment. Pak J Bot 41: 621-632.
• Li Y, Sun C, Huang Z, Pan J, Wang L, Fan X (2009). Mechanisms of progressive water deficit tolerance and growth recovery of Chinese maize foundation genotypes Huangzao 4 and Chang 7-2, which are proposed on the basis of comparison of physiological and transcriptomic responses. Plant Cell Physiol 50: 2092-2111.
• Moustakas M, Sperdouli I, Kouna T, Antonopoulou CI, Therios I (2011). Exogenous proline induces soluble sugar accumulation and alleviates drought stress effects on photosystem II functioning of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Growth Regul 65: 315-325.
• Nanjo T, Kobayashi M, Yoshiba Y, Kakubari Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (1999). Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 461: 205-210.
• Nar H, Saglam A, Terzi R, Varkonyi Z, Kadioglu A (2009). Leaf rolling and photosystem II efficiency in Ctenanthe setosa exposed to drought stress. Photosynthetica 47: 429-436.
• Posmyk MM, Janas KM (2007). Effects of seed hydropriming in presence of exogenous proline on chilling injure limitation in Vigna radiate L. seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 29: 509-517.
• Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M (2004). Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol 161: 1189-1202.
• Sairam RK, Deshmukh PS, Saxena DC (1998). Role of antioxidant systems in wheat genotypes tolerance to water stress. Biol Plantarum 41: 387-394.
• Shahbaz M, Mushtaq Z, Andaz F, Masood A (2013). Does proline application ameliorate adverse effects of salt stress on growth, ions and photosynthetic ability of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)? Sci Hortic-Amsterdam 164: 507-511.
• Shahid MA, Balal RM, Pervez MA, Abbas T, Aqeel MA, Javaid MM, Garcia-Sanchez F (2014). Exogenous proline and proline-enriched Lolium perenne leaf extract protects against phytotoxic effects of nickel and salinity in Pisum sativum by altering polyamine metabolism in leaves. Turk J Bot 38: 914- 926.
• Subrahmanyam D, Subash YS, Haris A, Sikka AK (2006). Influence of water stress on leaf photosynthetic characteristics in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to drought. Photosynthetica 44: 125-129.
• Sun YL, Hong SK (2010). Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of saline and alkaline stress in Leymus chinensis (Trin.). Journal of Plant Biotechnology 37: 529-538.
• Szabados L, Savaure A (2009). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci 15: 89-97.
• Van Kooten O, Snel JFH (1990). The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology. Photosynth Res 25: 147-150.