Ekrem KİREÇCİ, Ebru AKKEMİK, Olcay HİSAR, Fevzi TOPAL, İlhami GÜLÇİN

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidal activities of an aquatic plant: duckweed (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae)

Su mercimeği (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae), yaygın, herhangi bir yere bağlı olmayan, yüzebilen, su kuşları için gıda ve küçük akuatik omurgasızlar için de barınak olan makrofit bir bitkidir. Hızlı bir şekilde büyür ve diğer vasküler bitkilerden daha hızlı çoğalır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı in vitro metotlar kullanarak su mercimeğinin antioksidan, antiradikal, antimikrobiyal ve antikandidal aktivitelerini belirlemektir. Su mercimeğinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini değerlendirmek için 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenztiyoazolin-6-sülfonik asit) ($ABTS^{bullet+}$) radikal giderme, 1,1- difenil-2-pikril-hidrazil serbest radikal (DPPH·) giderme, ferrik tiyosiyanat metoduna göre total antioksidan aktivite, potasyum ferriksiyanit indirgeme metoduna göre indirgeme kuvveti, süperoksit anyon radikal giderme, hidrojen peroksit giderme ve ferröz iyonları kelatlama metotları kullanıldı. Ayrıca, α-tokoferol ve α-tokoferolün suda çözünen bir analoğu olan troloks, bütillenmiş hidroksianisol (BHA) ve bütillenmiş hidroksitoluen (BHT) referans antioksidan maddeler olarak kullanıldı. Su mercimeğinin liyofilize edilmiş su (WELM) ile etanol ekstraktının (EELM), 45 μg $mL^ {-1}$ konsantrasyonunda linoleik asit emülsiyonunun peroksidasyonunu sırasıyla % 100 ve % 94,2 inhibe ettiği belirlendi. Diğer taraftan aynı konsantrasyonda BHA, BHT, α-tokoferol ve troloksun linoleik asit emülsiyonunun peroksidasyonunu sırasıyla % 92,2, % 99,6, % 84,6 and % 95,6 inhibe ettiği gözlendi. Bunun yanısıra, WELM ve EELM’de bulunan toplam fenolik ve flavonoit maddeler sırasıyla gallik asit ve kuersetin ekivalent olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca, WELM ve EELM’nin yirmibir bakteri ve dört mantar (maya) türüne karşı inhibitor etkileri disk-difüzyon metodu kullanılarak test edildi. Sonuçlarımıza göre WELM ve EELM Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria sicca, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis ve Streptococcus pneumoniae ye karşı antibakteriyel etkiye ve Candida parapsilosis ve Candida glabrata ye karşı da antikandidal etkiye sahip olduğu gözlendi. Sonuç olarak, bu bitki bir doğal gıda antioksidanı olarak umut vermektedir.

Bir su bitkisinin antioksidan, antibakteriyel ve antikandidal aktivitesi: su mercimeği (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae)

Duckweed (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae) is a widespread, free-floating aquatic macrophyte, a source of food for waterfowl and a shelter for small aquatic invertebrates. It grows quickly and reproduces faster than other vascular plants. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, and anticandidal activities of duckweed using different in vitro methodologies. For evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities, 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ($ABTS^{bullet+}$) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferrous ions chelating activities were calculated. In addition, α-tocopherol and trolox (a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the 45 μg $mL^ {-1}$ concentrations of lyophilized water extract (WELM) and ethanol extract (EELM), showed 100% and 94.2% inhibition, respectively, on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. On the other hand, BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol, and trolox demonstrated inhibition of 92.2%, 99.6%, 84.6%, and 95.6%, respectively, on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoids in WELM and EELM were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Furthermore, an important goal of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of WELM and EELM against 21 bacteria and 4 fungi yeast species by using the disk-diffusion method. In our results, it was observed that WELM and EELM had an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria sicca, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and an anticandidal effect against Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata. Consequently, this plant is a promising source of natural food antioxidants.

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