Association mapping of several nut characters in walnut (Juglans regia L.)
Association mapping of several nut characters in walnut (Juglans regia L.)
In the current study, significant variations were identified for seven fruit traits of the walnut accessions. The highest correlationswere detected between nut height and nut width, and between nut weight and kernel weight. Most traits had a continuous normalbinominal distribution. A total of 16,774 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers based on diversity arrays technology weregenerated and after filtering the missing data, the remaining 13,611 SNP data were used for genotyping. STRUCTURE (v.2.2) analysisrevealed two possible scenarios (K = 3 and K = 5) according to the results of ΔK computation. While K = 3 indicated that walnutcultivars were clustered into three different groups, K = 5 revealed five different groups. Results of the dendrogram tree analysis weresupported by the results presented in the STRUCTURE analysis. A total of 98 association signals were detected with FDR ≤ 0.05 fromMLM (K) using BLUP predictors for the seven agronomic traits. Out of these 98 associations, seven SNPs were associated with nutweight, 26 SNPs with nut length, 15 SNPs with nut height, 18 SNPs with nut width, 18 SNPs with shell thickness, 12 SNPs with kernelweight, and 2 SNPs with kernel ratio.
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