Antalya Kent Plajlarının Yüzme suyu ve Plaj Kumu Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Halk Sağlığı Riskleri
Amaç: Antalya kent plajlarının deniz suyu ve plaj kumunun mikrobiyolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Konyaaltı ve Lara plajından deniz suyu örnekleri ile kum örnekleri, belirlenen örnekleme noktalarından toplandı. Kum örnekleri, diz boyu dip kumu DBK , dalga zonu DZ ve kuru kum KK olmak üzere üç farklı tabakadan alındı. Alınan örnekler, membran filtrasyon yöntemiyle Esherichia coli, intestinal enterekok, Salmonella spp., mayaCandida spp. ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa açısından incelendi.Bulgular: Konyaaltı ve Lara plajlarından alınan kum, deniz suyu ve kum katman örneklerin genel ortalama dağılımı incelendiğinde, deniz suyunda mikrobiyal kirliliğin yüksek olduğu belirlendi.Sonuç: Çalışmamız sonucunda; alınan örneklerinde E. coli için sırasıyla Konyaaltında %14’ü, Lara’da %6’sında, intestinal enterokok ise Konyaaltı’nda %22, Lara’da %30 oranında bir kirlilik görüldü
Assessment of Bathing water and Beach Sand Microbiological Quality of Antalya Urban Beaches and Public Health Risks
Objective: It was aimed to evaluate the sea water and beach sand of beaches in Antalya in terms of microbiological. Methods: Sea water samples and sand samples from Konyaaltı and Lara beach were collected from the designated sampling points. Sand samples were taken from three different layers which were knee length bottom sand DBK , wave zone DZ and dry sand KK . These samples were examined by membrane filtration in terms of Esherichia coli, intestinal enterekok, Salmonella spp., yeast-Candida spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Results: When the general average distribution of sand, seawater and sand layer samples taken from Konyaaltı and Lara beaches was examined, it was determined that the microbial pollution in sea water was high.Conclusion: In resulting of our work, E. coli, in the samples, were 14% in Konyaalti beach and 6% in Lara beach. Intestinal enterococcus were also 22% in Konyaaltı beach and 30% in Lara beach
___
- 1. Halliday E, Gast R. Bacteria in beach sands: an
emerging challenge in protecting coastal water
quality and bather health. Environ. Sci. Technol,
2011; 45: 370–9.
- 2. Yaşar AB. İstanbul halk plajlarında total ve
fekal koliform ölçümlerinin değerlendirilmesi.
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Çevre
Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2019.
- 3. Wade TJ, Calderon Rl, Sams E, Beach M, Brenner
KP, Williams AH, et al. Rapidly measured indicators
of recreational water quality are predictive of
swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness.
Environ Health Perspect, 2006; 114:24–8.
- 4. Wiedenmann A, Krüger P, Dietz K, López–P,la JM,
Szewzyk R, Botzenhart K. A randomized controlled
trial assessing infectious disease risks from
bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to
the concentration of Escherichia coli, intestinal
enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic
coliphages. Environ Health Perspect, 2006; 114:
228–36.
- 5. Whitmann Rl, Harwood VJ, Thomas AE, Nevers MB,
Byappanahalli M, Vijayavel K. et al. Microbes in
beach sands: integrating environment, ecology and
public health. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 2014;
13: 329–68.
- 6. Topaloğlu, A. Antalya kıyılarında rekreasyon
amaçlı kullanılan plajların kum ve deniz suyunun
mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek
Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, 2010.
- 7. Vogel C, Rogerson A, Schatz S, Laubach H, Tallman
A, Fell J. Prevalence of yeasts in beach sand at
three bathing beaches in South Florida. Water Res,
2007;41: 1915–20.
- 8. Whitman, RL, Przybyla-Kelly K, Shively DA, Nevers
MB, Byappanahalli MN. Hand-mouth transfer and
potential for exposure to E. coli and Fş coliphage
in beach sand, Chicago, Illinois. J Water Health,
2009; 7: 623-9.
- 9. Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ, Kay D, Fujioka RS,
Sadowsky MJ, Whitman RL, et al. Beach sand and
the potential for infectious disease transmission:
observations and recommendations. J Mar Biol
Assoc UK, 2016; 96, 101-20.
- 10. Fleisher JM, Kay D, Wyer MD, Godfree AF. Estimates
of the severity of illnesses associated with bathing
in marine recreational waters contaminated with
domestic sewage. Int J Epidemiol, 1998; 27: 722–6.
- 11. Cordero L, Norat J, Mattei H, Nazario C. Seasonal
variations in the risk of gastrointestinal illness on
a tropical recreational beach, Water Health, 2012;
10(4): 579–93.
- 12. Lipp EK, Jarrell JL, Griffin DW, Lukasik J,
Jacukiewicz J, Rose JB. Preliminary evidence for
human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida
Keys, USA. Mar Pollut Bull, 2002; 44:666–70.
- 13. Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Cuvelier M, Hartz
A, Green M, Esiobu N, et al. Prevalence and
distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South
Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment
of health effects associated with beach sand
exposure. Mar Pollut Bull, 2007; 54:1472–82.
- 14. Fleisher JM, Kay D. Risk perception bias, self –
reporting of illness, and the validity of reported
results in an epidemiologic study of recreational
water associated illnesses. Mar Pollut Bull, 2006;
52:264–8.
- 15. Kucuksezgin F., Gonul LT, Pazi I, Kacar A. Assessment
of seasonal and spatial variation of surface water
quality: recognition of environmental variables
and fecal indicator bacteria of the coastal zones of
Izmir Bay, Eastern Aegean. Reg Stud Ma Sci, 2019;
28: 100554.
- 16. Elmanama AA, Fahd MI, Afifi S, Abdallah S, Bahr S.
Microbiological beach sand quality in Gaza Strip in
comparison to seawater quality. Environ Res, 2005;
99: 1–10.
- 17. İçemer GT, Bayrak-Çamlıca YB, Atıcı T. PhaselisAntalya yüzme alanında rekreasyonal yat/bot atık
suları ve insan aktivitelerinin yüzme suyu ve halk
sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg,
2017; 74(EK-1): 87-94.
- 18. Januário AP, Afonso CN, Mendes S, Rodrigues
MJ. Faecal indicator bacteria and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in marine coastal waters: is there a
relationship? Pathogens, 2020; 9 (13):1-10.
- 19. Nazario EES, Prospective epidemiological study
on the morbidity of bathers exposed to marine
bathing water. Intercampus Doctoral Programme,
University of Porto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus and
Medical Science Campus, Biology. 2006.