An investigation of the prevalence of depression and related factors in pregnant women living in the province of Erzurum
An investigation of the prevalence of depression and related factors in pregnant women living in the province of Erzurum
Objectives: Pregnancy is a time of numerous biological and psychosocial changes in women. The purpose ofthis study was to reveal the risk of depression, an important psychological problem, in pregnant women, andits association with sociodemographic characteristics.Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed between March 1 and May 31, 2015, withpregnant women registered at family health centers in the central districts of Aziziye, Palandöken and Yakutiyein the province of Erzurum. A sociodemographic and obstetric data form and the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) were used for analysis.Results: Subjects’ mean age was 27.54 ± 6.2 years. Their mean BDI score was 16.09 ± 3.7. The mean BDIscore of pregnant women in the first trimester was 16.3 ± 3.7, the mean score of those in the second trimesterwas 15.8 ± 4.2, and the mean score of those in the third trimester was 16.1 ± 2.5. There was a significantdifference between trimesters in terms of risk of depression (p = 0.006). Significant associations weredetermined between the risk of depression and education level, number of pregnancies, and number of livingchildren (p ˂ 0.05). The logistic regression analysis results show that a pregnant woman’s level of education,length of marriage, number of pregnancies and previous mental state are significant in terms of antenataldepression (p < 0.05).Conclusions: There was a significant risk of depression according to the BDI in women in the first and thirdtrimesters, and this was associated with several sociodemographic variables. This reveals the need for pregnantwomen to also be evaluated using a holistic approach involving mental state as well as sociodemographic andobstetric characteristics when undergoing medical evaluation.
___
- Stewart DE, Gagnon A, Saucier J, Wahoush O, Dougherty G.
Postpartum depression symptoms in newcomers. Can J Psychiatry
2008;53:121-4.
- Cebeci SA, Aydemir Ç, Göka E. [The prevalance of depressive
symptom levels in puerperal period: relationship with obstetric risk
factors, anxiety levels and social support]. Kriz Dergisi. 2002;10:11-8.
[Article in Turkish]
- Bunevicius R, Kusminskas L, Bunevicius A, Nadisauskiene RJ,
Jureniene K, Pop VJ. Psychosocial risk factors for depression during
pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:599-605.
- Pearlstein T. Depression during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin
Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:754-64.
- Muzik M, Marcus SM, Heringhausen JE, Flynn H. When depression
complicates childbearing: guidelines for screening and treatment during
antenatal and postpartum obstetric care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am
2009;36:771-88.
- Leung BMY, Kaplan BJ. Perinatal depression: prevalence, risks, and
the nutrition link -- a review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc
2009;109:1566-75.
- Szegda K, Markenson G, Bertone-Johnson ER, Chasan-Taber L.
Depression during pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neonatal
outcomes? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal
Med 2014;27:960-7.
- Orta OR, Gelaye B, Bain PA, Williams MA. The association between
maternal cortisol and depression during pregnancy, a systematic review.
Arch Womens Ment Health 2018;21:43-53.
- Bödecs T, Horváth B, Kovács L, Diffellné Németh M, Sándor J.
[Prevalence of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy on a population
based Hungarian sample]. Orv Hetil 2009;150:1888-93. [Article in
Hungarian]
- Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive symptoms
among pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings. J Women's
Health (Larchmt) 2003;12:373-80.
- Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, Mattila H, Ylikorkala O.
Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia.
Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:487-90.
- Karaçam Z, Ançel G. Depression, anxiety and influencing factors
in pregnancy: a study in a Turkish population. Midwifery 2009;25:344-
56.
- Eskici L, Demir Akca AS, Atasoy N, Arikan İ, Harma M. [The
effects of depression and anxiety disorders in pregnant women on
obstetric outcomes and newborn]. Anatolian Journal of Clinical
Investigation. 2012;6(1):10-6. [Article inTurkish]
- Sevindik F. Elazığ İlinde Gebelikte Depresyon Prevalansı ve
Etkileyen Faktörler. Elazığ: Fırat Üniversitesi; 2005.
- Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An
inventory for measuring depression. Arc Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.
- Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için
geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1989;7:3-13. [Article in Turkish]
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 'Dünya Nüfus Günü' 2017. Available
from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24639.
- Yılmaz Doğru H, Özsoy AZ, Gözdemir E, Gülücü S, Demirtürk F.
[Evaluation of depression and anxiety in first trimester]. Med Med J
2015;30:153-8. [Article in Turkish]
- Yanıkkerem E, Altan E, Demirtosun P. [Depression of the pregnants
who live in the Manisa 1 no village clinic. Kadın Doğum Dergisi
2004;2:301-6. [Article in Turkish]
- Erbil N, Oruç H, Karabulut A. [Determination of depression and
affecting factors in pregnancy. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet
2009;19:67-74. [Article in Turkish]
- Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Prevalence rates and
psychosocial characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and
postpartum in Maltese women. J Affect Disord 2004;82:297-301.
- Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Prevalence of anxiety and depression
during pregnancy in a private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health
2007;10:25-32.
- Verbeek T, Arjadi R, Vendrik JJ, Burger H, Berger MY. Anxiety and
depression during pregnancy in Central America: a cross-sectional study
among pregnant women in the developing country Nicaragua. BMC
Psychiatry 2015;15:292.
- Ocaktan ME, Çalışkan D, Öncü B, Özdemir O, Köse K. Antepartum
and postpartum depression in a primary health care center area Birsağlık
ocağı bölgesinde doğum öncesi ve doğum sonrası depresyonun
değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası
2006;59:151-7.
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, “Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2016 2017.
Available from:
http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24573.
- Vırıt O, Akbaş E, Savaş HA, Sertbaş G, Kandemir H. [Association
between the level of depression and anxiety with social support in
pregnancy]. Arch Neuropsychiatry 2008;45:9-13. [Article in Turkish]
- Akkaş Yılmaz E, Gülümser Ç. The risk factors, consequences,
treatment, and importance of gestational depression. Turk J Obstet
Gynecol 2015;12:102-13.
- de Jesus Silva MM, Peres Rocha Carvalho Leite E, Alves Nogueira
D, Clapis MJ. Depression in pregnancy. Prevalence and associated
factors. Invest Educ Enferm 2016;34:342-50.
- Smedberg J, Lupattelli A, Mårdby A, Øverland S, Nordeng H. The
relationship between maternal depression and smoking cessation during
pregnancy -- a cross-sectional study of pregnant women from 15
European countries. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18:73-84.
- Castro e Couto T, Cardoso MN, Brancaglion MY, Faria GC, Garcia
FD, Nicolato R, et al. Antenatal depression: prevalence and risk factor
patterns across the gestational period. J Affect Disord 2016;192:70-5.
- TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, “Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2016,” 2017.
Available from:
http://www.metaveri.saglik.gov.tr/book/SIY_2016_Haber_Bulteni.pdf.
- Sağlık Bakanlığı 'Doğum Öncesi Bakım Yönetim Rehberi'. Ankara
2014.
- Akbaş E, Vırıt O, Savaş AH, Sertbaş G. [Association between
sociodemographic variables with the levels of depression and anxiety in
pregnancy]. Arc Neuropsychiatry. 2008;45:85-91. [Article in Turkish]
- Kartal B, Karataş N, Başer M. The Effect of Education Given to
the Primiparous Pregnant Women on Postpartum Depression. Turkiye
Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet 2016;26:197-204.
- Ajinkya S, Jadhav PR, Srivastava NN. Depression during
pregnancy: Prevalence and obstetric risk factors among pregnant women
attending a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai. Ind Psychiatry J
2013;22:37-40.